A peanut allergy in an infant occurs when the baby’s immune system mistakenly identifies peanut proteins as harmful, triggering a rapid immune response and a range of symptoms. While prevalence has increased over past decades, recent studies suggest a slight decrease in infants, from 3.1% in 2007-2011 to 2.6% in 2018-2019, possibly due to changes in feeding guidelines.
Recognizing an Allergic Reaction
An infant experiencing a peanut allergy reaction can display various symptoms affecting different body systems. Skin reactions are common, appearing as hives (red, itchy, raised welts) or general redness and swelling, particularly around the face, lips, or eyes. Digestive symptoms might include vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain.
Respiratory distress can also occur, presenting as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or nasal congestion. Swelling in the throat can lead to difficulty swallowing or a hoarse voice. Cardiovascular signs like pale skin, dizziness, or a weak pulse may indicate a more severe systemic reaction. The severity of these reactions can vary significantly, ranging from mild skin irritations to life-threatening anaphylaxis, and symptoms often appear quickly, usually within minutes to a few hours of consuming peanuts.
Immediate Steps During a Reaction
If you suspect your baby is having a peanut allergy reaction, immediate action is important. Assess for signs of a severe reaction, such as difficulty breathing, throat swelling, or widespread hives. If a severe reaction, known as anaphylaxis, is suspected and an epinephrine auto-injector has been prescribed, administer it without delay. Epinephrine is a fast-acting medication that can counteract severe allergic reactions.
Even after administering epinephrine, or if the reaction is severe, contact emergency services immediately. Do not wait for symptoms to improve, as a second wave can occur. While waiting for emergency help, position your baby safely: if conscious, lay them on their back; if vomiting, gently turn them onto their side to prevent choking. Monitor their breathing and consciousness until medical professionals arrive.
Medical Confirmation and Management
Following a suspected reaction, a medical professional, typically an allergist, can confirm a peanut allergy diagnosis. Diagnostic tools include skin prick tests, where a tiny amount of peanut protein is introduced to the skin, and blood tests measuring specific IgE antibodies to peanut proteins. An oral food challenge, conducted under strict medical supervision, where the baby consumes increasing amounts of peanut in a controlled setting, is the most definitive diagnostic method.
Managing a confirmed peanut allergy centers on strict avoidance of peanuts. An allergist will prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector for emergency use in case of accidental exposure. They will also help develop a personalized allergy action plan, a written guide detailing how to recognize and respond to an allergic reaction. This plan outlines specific steps for administering medication and when to seek emergency care.
Daily Life with a Peanut Allergy
Living with a peanut allergy involves careful daily management to prevent exposure. Parents must read food labels for peanut ingredients and advisories like “may contain peanuts” or “processed in a facility with peanuts.” Cross-contamination is a concern, requiring attention to shared utensils, cutting boards, and cooking surfaces. When dining out, inform restaurant staff about the allergy to ensure safe food preparation.
Educating all caregivers, including family members, friends, and daycare providers, is important. They need to understand the baby’s allergy, recognize reaction symptoms, and know how to use the epinephrine auto-injector and follow the allergy action plan. Communication with schools or daycare centers is necessary to establish a safe environment, including policies for snacks and meals. Education helps manage the allergy effectively.