Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a natural secretion commonly found in the ear canal. It serves a purpose in maintaining ear health. Understanding its origin and functions clarifies its role in the body’s protective mechanisms.
The Glands Behind Earwax Production
Earwax forms from secretions of two gland types in the outer ear canal. Ceruminous glands, modified sweat glands in the outer third of the canal, produce a thick, waxy secretion with antimicrobial proteins. Sebaceous glands, attached to hair follicles, secrete an oily substance called sebum that lubricates the skin.
These waxy and oily secretions combine to form earwax. It also incorporates dead skin cells, shed hairs, and various lipids like fatty acids, alcohols, squalene, and cholesterol. This blend creates earwax’s unique consistency and properties, contributing to the ear canal’s protective layer.
Why Earwax Matters
Earwax performs several functions for ear health. It acts as a natural barrier, protecting the delicate skin of the ear canal and eardrum from dust, foreign particles, and microorganisms. Its sticky nature traps these invaders, preventing them from reaching deeper into the ear.
Beyond its barrier role, earwax contains antimicrobial properties, including antibacterial and antifungal compounds, proteins, antibodies, and enzymes that combat infections. It also lubricates the ear canal, preventing dry, itchy skin. The ear has a natural self-cleaning mechanism: jaw movements and outward skin cell migration gradually move old earwax out, where it can fall out or be wiped away.
Managing Earwax Concerns
For most, ears are self-cleaning, with earwax naturally migrating out. However, excessive or impacted earwax can cause hearing loss, earache, or fullness. Avoid inserting objects like cotton swabs, paper clips, or hairpins into the ear canal, as these can push wax deeper and damage the ear canal or eardrum. Ear candling is also not advised, as it is ineffective and carries risks like burns.
If earwax buildup is a concern, gently clean the outer ear with a damp washcloth. Over-the-counter ear drops with hydrogen peroxide or mineral oil can soften wax, aiding its exit. Use these according to package directions, and consult a healthcare provider if an ear infection or perforated eardrum is present. If symptoms persist, worsen, or home remedies are ineffective, seek professional medical advice for safe removal. Healthcare professionals use specialized tools like curettes, suction, or irrigation to safely remove excess earwax.