Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells, which are a part of your immune system and found in the bone marrow. This condition can lead to various complications, including a weakened immune system and kidney damage. While diet cannot cure multiple myeloma, it plays a significant role in managing symptoms, supporting treatment, and preventing complications. Certain foods can exacerbate common issues, making dietary adjustments important for overall health during treatment.
Foods That Increase Infection Risk
Multiple myeloma and its treatments, such as chemotherapy, can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. During periods of low white blood cell counts, known as neutropenia, avoiding foods that may harbor bacteria or other pathogens is particularly important.
Raw or undercooked foods are a primary concern. This includes raw meats, poultry, seafood, and sushi, which can carry bacteria like Salmonella or Listeria. Even runny eggs can contain bacteria, making them unsafe for consumption in this context.
Unpasteurized dairy products and juices also pose a risk due to potential bacterial contamination that is not eliminated through pasteurization. Thorough washing of all fruits and vegetables is also important to remove bacteria, pesticides, or other contaminants from their surfaces. While raw produce offers many nutrients, your doctor may suggest sticking to cooked vegetables and fruits, especially when your immune system is weaker, to reduce the chance of infection. Delicatessen meats and certain soft cheeses, if not heated to a safe temperature, can also harbor Listeria, a bacterium that can cause serious illness. Caution should also be exercised with buffet-style foods or leftovers that have been left at room temperature for extended periods, as this can promote bacterial growth.
Foods That Can Strain Kidneys
Kidney complications are common in multiple myeloma patients, often due to the buildup of proteins or the effects of certain medications. Dietary adjustments can help manage or prevent further kidney damage. Monitoring kidney function regularly and consulting with a healthcare professional or dietitian for personalized advice is recommended.
Foods high in sodium can lead to fluid retention and place additional strain on the kidneys. Examples of such foods include processed snacks, canned soups, cured meats, and many fast-food items.
Patients with pre-existing kidney damage might need to restrict foods high in phosphorus and potassium, as these minerals can accumulate in the body when kidney function declines. High-phosphorus foods include dairy products, nuts, whole grains, and colas. Foods rich in potassium include bananas, oranges, potatoes, and tomatoes. Dietary modifications for these nutrients are individualized and should be guided by a medical professional.
Foods That May Promote Inflammation and Disease Progression
Certain dietary patterns and food groups are generally associated with inflammation, which may contribute to disease progression in cancer, including multiple myeloma. A plant-based diet, low in sugar, can be helpful for cancer prevention and support during treatment.
Highly processed foods and refined carbohydrates, such as sugary drinks, white bread, pastries, and commercially baked goods, can lead to chronic inflammation and rapid blood sugar spikes. These foods may create an environment that could be conducive to cancer growth.
Unhealthy fats, specifically trans fats and excessive saturated fats found in fried foods, many baked goods, and some animal products, have been linked to increased inflammation. Limiting these types of fats is generally advised for overall health. Studies suggest a link between high consumption of red and processed meats and increased cancer risk and inflammation. Replacing these with lean proteins like fish or poultry can be a beneficial dietary adjustment.
Foods That Can Interfere with Medications
Some foods and supplements can interact negatively with multiple myeloma treatments, potentially affecting drug efficacy or increasing side effects. Always discuss all dietary changes, supplements, and food choices with your oncology team or pharmacist to prevent dangerous drug interactions.
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice can interfere with the metabolism of several medications, including some used in multiple myeloma treatment. This interaction can lead to higher drug levels in the body, potentially increasing toxicity.
Patients taking blood thinners, such as Warfarin, need to maintain a consistent intake of Vitamin K-rich foods, including leafy greens. Fluctuations in Vitamin K intake can alter the effectiveness of these medications.
Herbal supplements warrant caution as many can interact with chemotherapy drugs, steroids, or other medications, potentially reducing their effectiveness or causing adverse reactions. For example, studies suggest that strong green teas and high doses of Vitamin C may make bortezomib therapy less efficient. These supplements should only be taken under strict medical supervision. Calcium and iron supplements may also need to be taken at separate times from certain medications to avoid interfering with absorption.