Essential oils (EOs) are highly concentrated plant extracts derived from the flowers, leaves, seeds, bark, or peel of a plant. These complex chemical compounds capture the plant’s scent and therapeutic properties, leading to their use in aromatherapy and topical application. Their potency means they must be used with extreme caution, especially around children whose bodies are smaller and still developing. Children’s skin is more sensitive, and their developing respiratory and neurological systems are more susceptible to adverse reactions than those of adults. Understanding proper safety guidance for pediatric use is necessary to mitigate risk.
General Safety Protocols for Pediatric Use
The foundational rule for using essential oils with children is that dilution is mandatory for topical application. Applying concentrated oils directly to the skin, or “neat,” can cause irritation and increase the risk of sensitization. Essential oils must be mixed with a carrier oil, such as fractionated coconut, jojoba, or sweet almond oil, before being applied. The appropriate dilution rate depends heavily on the child’s age, reflecting their sensitivity and skin permeability.
For infants between three and 24 months, a very low dilution rate of 0.25% to 0.5% is recommended for topical use. This equates to only one to two drops of essential oil per four teaspoons of carrier oil, minimizing systemic exposure. For children aged two to six years, a dilution of 1% to 2% is considered safe. For those aged six to 15 years, a 1.5% to 3% dilution may be used, but it is always best to start with the lowest concentration.
Aromatic diffusion must be done in short intervals and in a well-ventilated space. Diffusing for no more than 15 to 30 minutes at a time prevents overexposure and respiratory irritation in small children. Under no circumstances should essential oils be administered internally to children. Ingestion is highly toxic and can lead to severe health complications, including respiratory problems and seizures. All essential oil bottles must be stored securely, out of reach and sight, to prevent accidental ingestion or misuse.
Essential Oils Recommended for Children
Several essential oils are considered gentle and safe for use with children when properly diluted. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is known for its calming and sedative properties that aid in relaxation and promote better sleep. It is a frequent component in bedtime routines, helping to soothe anxiety and restlessness.
Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a mild option, often used for emotional calming, anxiety, and minor digestive upset. Its gentle nature makes it suitable for use in highly diluted blends for younger children. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) offers an uplifting scent, promoting a positive mood without the strong phototoxic risks associated with some other citrus oils.
Frankincense (Boswellia carterii) is a grounding oil that supports focus and calm without causing overstimulation. Its mild, earthy aroma is used for general wellness and emotional balance. Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica or Juniperus virginiana) varieties are also safe for children and contribute a soothing, woodsy note beneficial for sleep and emotional grounding.
Essential Oils to Strictly Avoid
Specific essential oils pose health risks to children and should be avoided or used only under the guidance of a qualified aromatherapist. Oils containing the compound 1,8-cineole, such as Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and some varieties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), are dangerous for children under the age of ten. This compound can slow down breathing and cause central nervous system and respiratory problems, potentially leading to apnea or seizures in infants and toddlers.
Peppermint oil contains a high concentration of menthol and is contraindicated for young children under 30 months old due to the risk of respiratory distress and seizures. The strong volatile compounds in these oils can overwhelm a young child’s delicate respiratory system, even when diffused. Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) is hazardous because it is primarily composed of methyl salicylate, a compound chemically similar to aspirin. Ingesting less than one teaspoon can be toxic, posing a severe risk of salicylate poisoning.
Oils with a high phenol content, such as Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Cinnamon Bark or Leaf (Cinnamomum verum), should be avoided for topical use due to their potential for causing severe skin and mucous membrane irritation. Lavender and Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) have been linked to potential hormonal disruptions when used repeatedly and undiluted on prepubescent males. Topical application of these two oils should be approached with caution in this age group, or they should be limited to aromatic use.
Recognizing and Responding to Adverse Reactions
Even when used correctly, adverse reactions can occur, and parents should be vigilant for symptoms of overexposure or sensitivity. Reactions can be topical, respiratory, or systemic.
Topical Reactions
- Redness, itching, or burning at the application site.
- Development of a rash.
Respiratory and Systemic Reactions
- Coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath (inhalation).
- Nausea, vomiting, lethargy, or behavioral changes (systemic toxicity).
If a topical skin reaction is observed, stop use and dilute the oil further by applying a generous amount of carrier oil to the affected area. Water alone should not be used, as it can drive the oil deeper into the skin and intensify the irritation. The area should then be gently washed with soap and water. For inhalation reactions, the child should be moved immediately to fresh, well-ventilated air.
Accidental ingestion of an essential oil is a medical emergency, and the priority is to contact the Poison Control Centre immediately. Do not attempt to induce vomiting. Do not give the child water or any other fluids unless advised by a medical professional, as this increases the risk of aspiration into the lungs. Severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, seizures, or loss of consciousness, require immediate emergency medical attention.