Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex) are large, flightless katydids indigenous to western North America. These insects are known for forming massive migratory swarms across rangelands. Understanding the various predators that feed on Mormon crickets is important for comprehending the natural checks and balances within these ecosystems. Predators help manage the populations of these insects, which can otherwise cause significant damage to agricultural crops and native vegetation during outbreaks.
Birds That Hunt Them
Avian predators play a substantial role in controlling Mormon cricket populations. California gulls are particularly well-known for preying on these insects, famously observed consuming large numbers during historical outbreaks in Utah. These gulls congregate in areas with high cricket densities, often filling their stomachs. Other birds of prey, such as red-tailed hawks, Swainson’s hawks, golden eagles, and American kestrels, also include Mormon crickets in their diet, especially when the insects are abundant.
Corvids, including crows, ravens, and magpies, are opportunistic feeders that readily consume Mormon crickets. Smaller birds like Brewer’s blackbirds, western meadowlarks, and American robins also prey on crickets, with meadowlarks known to specialize in consuming their eggs. Many bird species incorporate insects, including Mormon crickets, into their diet, particularly during breeding seasons when insects are a crucial food source for juvenile birds.
Mammals That Prey On Them
A variety of mammals opportunistically feed on Mormon crickets, especially when these insects are plentiful during large swarming events. Coyotes are prominent predators, consuming Mormon crickets along with other insects like grasshoppers, which can make up a significant portion of their diet. They often hunt these insects by scent, especially when crickets are less active due to cold weather.
Badgers and foxes also prey on Mormon crickets, taking advantage of their abundance. Various rodents, such as ground squirrels and mice, are known to feed on them as well. These mammals help regulate cricket populations, especially during outbreaks when crickets are an easily accessible, protein-rich food source.
Other Natural Enemies
Beyond birds and mammals, other animals also contribute to the predation of Mormon crickets. Reptiles like snakes and lizards are known to consume these insects. Garter snakes and lizards are known to consume crickets, particularly when swarms invade their habitats.
Invertebrate predators, though often smaller, also play a role. Robber flies, ground beetles, and some species of wasps are known to attack Mormon crickets. Parasitic wasps and flies can target cricket eggs, while certain parasitoids like horsehair worms also affect nymphs and adults.
Predators’ Role in Nature
The diverse array of predators that feed on Mormon crickets collectively contributes to managing their populations. While no single predator specializes exclusively on them, the combined efforts of various species help regulate their numbers. This predation is particularly important during outbreaks, when large swarms can cause extensive ecological and agricultural damage. The presence of these natural enemies serves as a form of biological control, influencing the dynamics of cricket populations and helping to maintain ecosystem balance.