Dragonflies are captivating insects known for their iridescent wings and remarkable aerial agility. They play a dual role in many ecosystems, acting as both efficient predators of smaller insects and a food source for various animals. Their presence often indicates a healthy wetland environment, as they spend a significant portion of their lives as aquatic larvae before emerging as winged adults. This unique life cycle positions them as an important link in diverse food webs.
Feathered Hunters
Many bird species actively hunt adult dragonflies, showcasing impressive aerial maneuvers to capture their agile prey. Swallows, such as Barn Swallows and Cliff Swallows, are particularly adept at snatching dragonflies mid-flight, often hunting in groups near water bodies where dragonflies are abundant. Flycatchers, including Eastern Phoebes and Kingbirds, employ a “perch and swoop” strategy, waiting on a branch before darting out to intercept passing insects.
Larger birds of prey also include dragonflies in their diet. Falcons like the Merlin and Hobby are known for their speed and precision, capable of catching dragonflies during high-speed chases. Peregrine Falcons can also target dragonflies. Kingfishers, which often hunt near water, may also capture dragonflies, sometimes returning to a perch to prepare their meal.
Water’s Silent Strikers
Dragonflies spend their early life stages as aquatic nymphs, making them vulnerable to a range of underwater predators. Fish, including species like bass, trout, and sunfish, frequently prey on dragonfly nymphs. These aquatic predators consume nymphs that live submerged.
Amphibians also target both the aquatic and adult stages of dragonflies. Frogs, toads, and newts prey on nymphs in the water and will ambush newly emerged or resting adult dragonflies near water bodies. The transition from aquatic nymph to winged adult is a particularly vulnerable time, as newly emerged dragonflies are soft and less agile, making them easier targets for these amphibious hunters.
Invertebrate Ambushers
Beyond birds and aquatic vertebrates, various invertebrates also pose a threat to dragonflies. Robber flies are formidable aerial predators that can intercept dragonflies mid-flight. They use powerful, spiny legs to grasp prey and a stout proboscis to inject paralyzing venom.
Praying mantises are another invertebrate predator, ambushing dragonflies from a stationary position. While dragonflies are fast, a mantis can capture them with its strong forelegs. Cannibalism can also occur among dragonflies, with larger individuals sometimes preying on smaller or weaker members of their own species. Spiders can ensnare dragonflies in their sticky webs. Once caught, the spider quickly immobilizes and consumes its prey.