Pelicans are large aquatic birds, easily recognized by their distinctive throat pouch. These birds are found across various aquatic environments globally, from coastal marine areas to inland lakes and rivers. While their imposing size and communal living offer some protection, pelicans face threats from predators at different stages of their lives.
Predators of Adult Pelicans
Adult pelicans, due to their considerable size, generally face few natural predators. Healthy, full-grown pelicans are large birds, often weighing between 5 and 12 pounds with wingspans exceeding 6 feet, making them challenging prey for most animals. However, certain larger predators do occasionally target adult pelicans, particularly if the birds are sick, injured, or otherwise vulnerable.
In aquatic environments, large marine predators can pose a threat. Sharks, such as bull sharks, have been observed preying on pelicans, seizing them from beneath the water’s surface while the birds are resting or feeding. Similarly, American crocodiles and alligators are documented predators of adult pelicans in freshwater or brackish habitats where their ranges overlap. These reptiles are opportunistic, targeting pelicans in the water, particularly if they cannot quickly take flight.
On land, terrestrial predators rarely confront healthy adult pelicans. Coyotes and wild dogs are known to prey on nesting adults, though such instances are infrequent due to the pelican’s size. North American river otters have also been documented preying on adult brown pelicans in certain regions. Large birds of prey, such as bald eagles, have been reported to prey on adult brown pelicans, though rarely. Predation on adult pelicans is not common, and when it occurs, it often involves individuals that are already compromised or in situations where their escape is hindered.
Threats to Pelican Eggs and Chicks
Pelican eggs and young chicks are significantly more vulnerable to predation than adult birds. Pelican colonies, often established in secluded areas like islands or dense vegetation, aim to reduce these threats, but many opportunistic predators can still access nests. Females typically lay between one and six eggs, often in ground nests or low platforms, increasing accessibility for predators.
Various avian predators frequently target pelican eggs and hatchlings. Gulls, including herring, ring-billed, and California gulls, are known to prey on pelican eggs and nestlings. Crows and common ravens also raid nests, consuming eggs and very young chicks. Smaller, weaker chicks may also be more susceptible to predation.
Terrestrial animals also pose a substantial threat to pelican nests. Raccoons, opossums, and feral cats are common predators of pelican eggs and chicks, particularly in colonies accessible from the mainland. Snakes and iguanas have also been recorded preying on nestlings. Invasive species, such as European foxes and raccoon dogs, can cause significant disturbances and nest failures in pelican breeding colonies. Their vulnerability and ground-level nesting habits mean nest predation accounts for a majority of pelican mortality in these early life stages.