Hummingbirds, with their iridescent feathers and remarkable aerial agility, often appear almost untouchable as they flit between flowers and feeders. Despite their small size and incredible speed, a surprising array of creatures actively preys on these tiny birds, highlighting the intricate realities of the natural world. These predators range from other birds to insects and even amphibians.
Birds of Prey and Other Avian Hunters
Smaller birds of prey are among the most recognized avian predators of hummingbirds. Raptors such as Sharp-shinned Hawks and American Kestrels target hummingbirds, using ambush or swift aerial pursuits to capture these agile targets.
Beyond raptors, other birds also opportunistically hunt hummingbirds. Shrikes, for example, are known for their predatory habits, sometimes impaling their prey. Larger songbirds, including jays and grackles, may also snatch a hummingbird, especially when the tiny birds are concentrated around feeders. Roadrunners, found in some desert environments, have been observed ambushing hummingbirds near feeders.
These avian predators often capitalize on moments of vulnerability. They might surprise hummingbirds at nectar sources, where the smaller birds are momentarily focused on feeding rather than vigilance. While hummingbirds are incredibly fast, even a slight lapse in attention can provide an opening for a quick strike.
Insect Predators
The idea of insects preying on hummingbirds can be surprising. Praying mantises are effective insect predators, known for their ambush tactics. They use their camouflage to blend into foliage, often near flowers or feeders, and then strike with rapid, powerful forelegs to grasp a hummingbird. Once caught, the mantis may consume the hummingbird.
Large spiders also pose a threat, primarily through entanglement in their webs. Orb-weaver spiders, with their large and strong webs, can ensnare hummingbirds that inadvertently fly into the sticky silk. The spider’s silk is remarkably strong, making escape difficult. Once entangled, the spider can immobilize the bird with more silk and a venomous bite before consuming it. Hummingbirds sometimes collect spider silk for their nests, which can put them at risk of getting caught.
While less common as primary predators, very large dragonflies can also be opportunistic hunters. There are documented instances of species like the common green darner attacking and preying on hummingbirds, especially vulnerable young or exhausted individuals.
Reptiles and Amphibians
Reptiles and amphibians, though less frequently observed as hummingbird predators than birds or insects, can still pose a threat. Snakes, particularly arboreal species, may ambush hummingbirds. Smaller snakes, such as rat snakes, green snakes, or garter snakes, are known to climb trees and shrubs, allowing them to access hummingbird nests to prey on eggs or nestlings. They can also strike at adult hummingbirds visiting feeders or flowers.
Larger lizards might also opportunistically snatch a hummingbird, especially if the bird is stunned, grounded, or otherwise vulnerable. While less common in North America, some larger lizard species, such as the Mexican spiny-tailed iguana, have been reported to prey on hummingbirds in other regions.
Frogs and toads, especially larger species like bullfrogs, can consume hummingbirds if the birds come within striking distance. This typically occurs near ground-level flowers, water sources, or even feeders where a hummingbird might dip too low. Frogs are ambush predators, waiting patiently for prey to come close enough to be captured with a swift lunge.
Mammalian and Other Opportunistic Encounters
Mammals, particularly domestic animals, represent a significant threat to hummingbirds, often through opportunistic encounters. Domestic cats are widely considered a major predator of hummingbirds, especially in residential areas where feeders or gardens concentrate the birds. Cats utilize their natural hunting instincts, stealth, and agility to ambush hummingbirds, whether the birds are perched, feeding, or even in flight. Even well-fed cats may hunt due to instinct rather than hunger.
While less frequent, some rodents and other animals can also prey on hummingbirds. Squirrels and chipmunks, though primarily herbivores, are omnivorous and may opportunistically raid hummingbird nests for eggs or chicks.
Even fish can occasionally become predators. Large, predatory fish in ponds or streams might snatch a hummingbird that flies too low to the water’s surface, perhaps while drinking or attempting to catch an insect. The largemouth bass is one such fish known to have consumed hummingbirds on rare occasions.