Garter snakes are common, non-venomous reptiles found throughout North America, inhabiting a wide range of environments from forests and grasslands to suburban gardens. These adaptable snakes play an important role in their ecosystems, primarily preying on insects, slugs, worms, and small amphibians. While they are effective hunters, garter snakes also serve as a significant food source for a diverse array of other animals.
Avian Predators
Birds represent a significant threat to garter snakes, with many species actively hunting them from the air or ground. Large birds of prey, such as red-tailed hawks, broad-winged hawks, and American kestrels, frequently target garter snakes due to their size and diurnal activity.
Owls, including the great horned owl, are also known predators, typically hunting garter snakes during twilight or nocturnal hours. Other large birds, like great blue herons, will hunt garter snakes, especially those found near aquatic environments, by wading in shallow water and striking with their sharp beaks. Crows are opportunistic feeders and will prey on garter snakes if given the chance, often working in groups to overwhelm the snake.
Mammalian Hunters
Various mammals prey on garter snakes. Raccoons, skunks, and foxes are common predators that will readily consume garter snakes they encounter in their habitats. These animals are often opportunistic.
Coyotes, as generalist predators, also include garter snakes in their varied diet, especially during times when other prey might be scarce. Smaller garter snakes can fall victim to more agile mammalian predators like weasels, which are known for their quick movements and ability to navigate dense undergrowth. Even domestic animals, such as cats and dogs, may hunt and kill garter snakes they encounter in yards or natural areas.
Other Reptiles, Amphibians, and Invertebrates
Garter snakes can face predation from other reptiles, particularly larger snake species. King snakes, for example, are well-known ophiophages, meaning they primarily consume other snakes. Larger garter snakes may also exhibit cannibalistic behavior.
Amphibians also pose a threat to younger garter snakes, especially those that are still small and vulnerable. Large bullfrogs are capable of consuming juvenile garter snakes that venture too close to their aquatic habitats. While less common for adult snakes, very small, hatchling garter snakes can occasionally be preyed upon by certain invertebrates, such as large spiders or centipedes, which might overpower the tiny snake.