Xylene is a common chemical compound found in various industrial and household settings. Understanding its applications, potential health effects, and safety measures is important.
Understanding Xylene
Xylene, also known as xylol or dimethylbenzene, is a colorless liquid with a sweet, aromatic odor. It is an organic chemical compound (CH₃)₂C₆H₄. Xylene exists in three isomeric forms: ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, and para-xylene, which differ in the arrangement of methyl groups on a benzene ring. Commercial xylene is typically sold as a mixture of these isomers, often containing a small percentage of ethylbenzene. This substance can also occur naturally in crude oil, coal tar, and wood tar.
Common Applications of Xylene
Xylene serves as a versatile solvent across many industries. It is used in the printing, rubber, and leather industries to dissolve various substances. This chemical is also a component in paint thinners, varnishes, and cleaning agents. Beyond its solvent properties, xylene is present in gasoline and airplane fuel, and it is utilized in the production of plastics and synthetic fibers. Its utility extends to pathology and research laboratories for preparing and preserving tissue samples.
Health Effects of Xylene Exposure
Exposure to xylene can occur through breathing its vapors, direct skin contact, eye contact, or accidental ingestion. Health effects depend on concentration, duration of exposure, and individual sensitivity. Both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) exposures can affect the body.
Short-term inhalation of xylene vapors can irritate the nose, throat, and eyes. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, and confusion. Higher concentrations can lead to impaired memory, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases, unconsciousness or central nervous system depression. Skin contact can cause irritation, resulting in pain, redness, and swelling. While some absorption through the skin can occur, significant harmful effects from brief contact are not expected.
If xylene splashes into the eyes, it can cause irritation, redness, and pain. Accidental ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal irritation, causing nausea, vomiting, and stomach discomfort. A significant concern with ingestion is the aspiration hazard, where small amounts of liquid can enter the lungs, potentially causing severe lung damage or death. The central nervous system can also be affected by ingestion, leading to symptoms similar to those from inhalation.
Long-term exposure can lead to more persistent health concerns. Chronic skin contact may result in dermatitis, characterized by dry, red, and cracked skin. Prolonged inhalation can affect the nervous system, potentially causing issues with concentration, memory, vision, and muscle coordination.
Animal studies suggest large amounts of xylene can lead to changes in the liver and kidneys. Research also indicates xylene may harm the nervous system over time, and there is a suspected developmental hazard based on animal information. However, xylene is not classified as a human carcinogen by major international agencies.
Safety and Emergency Measures for Xylene
When handling products containing xylene, take precautions to minimize exposure. Ensure adequate ventilation, such as local exhaust ventilation, to control airborne vapor levels. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical safety goggles or a face shield for eye protection, and chemical-protective gloves (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol or Viton) for skin protection. Chemical-protective clothing, such as aprons or boots, can provide additional defense.
Xylene should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Containers should be electrically bonded and grounded to prevent static charge buildup, which could lead to ignition, as xylene is a flammable liquid. Keep stored amounts to a minimum and separate from incompatible materials like strong oxidizers.
In case of exposure, immediate first aid is important. If xylene vapors are inhaled, move the affected individual to fresh air. If breathing stops, trained personnel should administer artificial respiration, and seek prompt medical attention.
For skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for 15-20 minutes. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. For eye contact, flush eyes immediately with large amounts of gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, while occasionally lifting eyelids, and seek immediate medical attention. If ingested, rinse the mouth, but do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical attention.