Eye discharge, commonly referred to as “sleepers” or rheum, consists of a mixture of mucus, oil, skin cells, and debris that accumulates while we are not blinking. The eye constantly produces this matter to clear away waste products from the tear film, but blinking typically washes it away throughout the day. When we sleep, this material collects and dries, often resulting in a small amount of crusty white or yellowish residue in the corner of the eye. While a minor accumulation is normal, discharge that is excessive, sudden, or consistently white or colored often signals an underlying reaction or infection.
Common Non-Infectious Explanations
White or clear-to-white discharge not stemming from infection is often traced back to environmental factors or chronic conditions. Allergic conjunctivitis, triggered by irritants like pollen or dander, frequently causes thin, stringy, white discharge. This discharge is accompanied by intense itching, redness in both eyes, and other allergy symptoms like sneezing or a runny nose.
Dry Eye Syndrome can also lead to white or grayish mucus. When the eye’s surface is irritated from dryness, the conjunctiva produces excess mucus to protect itself. This compensatory discharge may appear stringy, slightly grayish, or occasionally foamy.
Normal nocturnal mattering, or rheum, is the most benign explanation for finding white residue upon waking. This residue builds up when the eyes are closed for several hours. The discharge is usually crusty, white or pale cream, and is not associated with pain, severe redness, or impaired vision.
Understanding Infectious Conjunctivitis
When white discharge is a symptom of contagious conjunctivitis, its consistency and volume are distinct from non-infectious causes.
Bacterial conjunctivitis produces a thick, profuse, and sticky substance often described as pus. This material, which can be opaque white, yellow, or greenish-yellow, is composed of white blood cells fighting the infection. The severity of this discharge frequently causes the eyelids to stick together, making it difficult to open the eyes upon waking. A bacterial infection may begin in one eye but can spread quickly to the other, accompanied by discomfort and redness.
Viral conjunctivitis is often caused by the same viruses responsible for the common cold and typically produces a clear, watery discharge. In some cases, or as a secondary reaction, a thin, grayish-white mucous discharge may be present. Primary symptoms include severe redness, light sensitivity, and a gritty feeling, often accompanied by cold or flu symptoms.
Warning Signs and Management Strategies
The presence of white discharge requires professional attention if certain warning signs accompany it, regardless of the underlying cause. Immediate medical evaluation is necessary if the discharge is paired with severe eye pain, a sudden change in vision, or extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia). Other serious red flags include white spots on the cornea or discharge lasting longer than 48 hours without improvement.
Proper hygiene is important for managing discharge and preventing the spread of infection. Discharge should be gently removed using a clean washcloth soaked in warm water, wiping from the inner corner of the eye outward. Hands must be washed thoroughly before and after touching the eyes or managing the discharge.
Individuals should avoid wearing contact lenses until symptoms have fully resolved, as lenses can trap debris and exacerbate irritation. While awaiting diagnosis, artificial tears can help soothe dryness, and a cool compress can reduce swelling and itching associated with allergic reactions. Only a healthcare professional can accurately diagnose the cause and prescribe targeted treatments, such as antibiotic drops for a confirmed bacterial infection.