Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the vagina, the muscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside of the body. This article provides general information about its potential signs and symptoms. It is not a tool for self-diagnosis, and any health concerns should always be discussed with a medical professional.
Visual Signs of Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer can manifest visually in several ways, often appearing as abnormal growths or changes in the vaginal tissue. These growths might present as warts, sores, ulcers, lumps, or masses within the vagina. The appearance of these lesions can vary in color, potentially being red, white, or discolored patches. Their texture can also differ, appearing raised, flat, rough, or smooth to the touch.
Changes in the overall appearance of the vaginal lining itself may indicate a concern. This could include thickening or thinning of the vaginal tissue, or an unusual texture. Abnormal bleeding is a common visual indicator of vaginal cancer. This bleeding might occur after sexual intercourse, between menstrual periods, or as new post-menopausal bleeding.
Abnormal vaginal discharge can also be a visual cue. This discharge might appear watery, blood-tinged, or have a foul smell. Such discharges differ from normal vaginal secretions. These visual signs can emerge anywhere within the vagina, though the upper part of the vagina is a common area for vaginal cancer to develop.
Accompanying Symptoms to Note
Beyond visual changes, several non-visual symptoms may accompany vaginal cancer. Persistent pain or discomfort is a common complaint, which can manifest during sexual intercourse, as general pelvic pain, or as pain during urination or bowel movements. This discomfort is notable, especially if it is new or worsening.
Changes in urinary or bowel habits may also occur if a tumor presses on these organs. Individuals might experience frequent urination, difficulty urinating, constipation, or even rectal bleeding. Persistent vaginal itching or a burning sensation that does not subside with typical remedies can also be a symptom.
Unexplained swelling in the groin or leg area could indicate that the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Some individuals may also report a feeling of a mass or something being present inside the vagina, even if it is not yet visually apparent. These internal sensations should be reported to a healthcare provider.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention if new, unusual, or persistent vaginal symptoms arise. Any described symptoms, especially if they do not resolve, require a visit to a healthcare professional. Specific situations requiring immediate evaluation include any instance of post-menopausal bleeding.
Bleeding after sexual intercourse, or any abnormal bleeding between periods or unrelated to menstruation, should prompt a medical consultation. Unexplained or foul-smelling vaginal discharge is another specific trigger to discuss with a doctor. Do not hesitate if something feels “not right” concerning vaginal health. Prompt medical evaluation leads to better outcomes, particularly since vaginal cancer can often be found during routine examinations.
Confirming a Diagnosis
Confirming a diagnosis of vaginal cancer involves a series of medical evaluations. The process typically begins with a physical examination, including a pelvic exam, where the doctor can visually inspect the vagina and manually check for any abnormalities. During this exam, a speculum is used to open the vaginal canal for a clearer view.
If suspicious areas are identified, a biopsy is the definitive method for diagnosis. This procedure involves taking a small tissue sample from the abnormal area, which is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Often, a colposcopy, which uses a magnifying instrument to examine the vagina and cervix, is performed to guide the biopsy.
Once a diagnosis of vaginal cancer is confirmed, imaging tests may be used to determine the extent of the cancer and if it has spread beyond the vagina. Common imaging tests include MRI, CT scans, or PET scans. A gynecologic oncologist, a doctor specializing in cancers of the female reproductive system, typically manages the diagnostic process and subsequent care.