Vaginal cancer (VC) is a relatively rare cancer originating in the tissues of the vagina, the muscular canal connecting the uterus to the outside of the body. Many people with early-stage disease experience no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they are often non-specific, mimicking those of common, less serious conditions like infections or benign growths. Recognizing potential physical sensations and changes associated with VC is important for seeking a timely diagnosis.
Changes in Appearance and Texture
A physical change in the vaginal tissue, such as a mass or lump, may sometimes be detected. This growth is often felt on the surface or beneath the lining, characterized by a firm or irregular texture distinct from the surrounding soft tissue. This mass is the physical manifestation of a tumor developing within the vaginal wall.
Localized sensations can include persistent discomfort or changes in the mucosal surface. This may present as localized areas of thickening, small nodules, or ulcerations that do not heal normally. A persistent feeling of burning or intense itching (pruritus) can also occur. This itching is particularly concerning when it resists typical over-the-counter remedies for irritation.
Abnormal Bleeding and Discharge
The most frequently reported sign of vaginal cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which is often painless. Bleeding after sexual intercourse (post-coital bleeding) is common due to the fragility of cancerous tissue. For those who are still menstruating, this may appear as spotting between regular monthly periods (intermenstrual bleeding).
Postmenopausal bleeding is highly significant; any bleeding occurring one year or more after menopause requires immediate evaluation. Changes in vaginal discharge also accompany the disease. The discharge may become unusually watery or contain streaks of blood, giving it a blood-stained appearance.
A foul-smelling discharge can also be a symptom. This characteristic often stems from the breakdown of tissue or secondary infection within the tumor site. These fluid symptoms are distinct from normal vaginal fluid production and warrant professional medical attention.
Internal Pain and Pressure
As vaginal cancer progresses, the growing tumor can extend deeper or press against nearby organs, causing internal discomfort and pressure. One symptom is dyspareunia, which is pain experienced during sexual intercourse. This pain results directly from the tumor’s location or inflammation within the vaginal canal.
Constant pelvic pain unrelated to the menstrual cycle may also develop. Tumors on the front wall can press on the bladder, causing urinary symptoms like frequent urination or pain during urination (dysuria). If the tumor is on the back wall, it can compress the rectum, potentially causing constant rectal pressure or difficulty with bowel movements, such as constipation. These symptoms often indicate a more advanced stage where the mass impacts adjacent structures.
Seeking Medical Evaluation
Consult a healthcare provider immediately if any persistent symptoms are noticed. Abnormal bleeding, especially postmenopausal bleeding, or the discovery of an unusual lump or persistent pain should prompt a visit to a gynecologist. While these symptoms require prompt attention, they are far more likely to be caused by a benign condition, such as an infection, fibroid, or hormonal changes.
A medical professional is necessary to determine the cause of the symptoms through examination and testing. Timely consultation ensures that if the symptoms are related to vaginal cancer, diagnosis can be made at the earliest stage, when treatment options are most effective.