The term “fundus” originates from Latin, meaning “bottom.” In anatomy, it generally refers to the part of a hollow organ farthest from its opening or that is dome-shaped. This anatomical descriptor applies to several different organs within the human body, each with its own distinct structure and function.
The Fundus of the Stomach
The fundus of the stomach is the rounded, upper part of the stomach, located above the esophagus entry point. This region serves as a temporary storage area for undigested food and gases produced during digestion. Its muscular walls are highly distensible, allowing the stomach to expand significantly to accommodate ingested food.
The fundus also plays a role in the initial stages of digestion. Food can reside here, allowing salivary enzymes to continue their work in a less acidic environment. Gases stored in the fundus are often released through belching, which helps alleviate pressure. This storage capacity is important for the stomach’s overall function before food moves into the small intestine.
The Fundus of the Uterus
The uterine fundus is the uppermost portion of the uterus, situated opposite the cervix. This muscular structure is crucial for reproduction, serving as the site where an embryo implants and fetal growth occurs. Its thick muscular wall, the myometrium, expands significantly during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus.
During labor, muscular contractions of the uterine fundus are instrumental in pushing the baby through the birth canal. These contractions begin in the fundus and move downward, contributing to cervical dilation and effacement. Healthcare providers assess the height of the uterine fundus, or fundal height, to estimate gestational age and monitor fetal growth during prenatal appointments.
The Fundus of the Eye
The fundus of the eye, also called the ocular fundus, refers to the inner, posterior surface of the eyeball. This area is visible during an ophthalmoscopic examination and includes structures vital for vision: the retina, optic disc, macula, and retinal blood vessels.
The retina converts light into electrical signals sent to the brain for visual processing. The optic disc is where the optic nerve exits the eye, carrying these signals. The macula, at the center of the retina, is responsible for central vision, fine detail, and color perception, with its central part, the fovea, providing the sharpest vision. Retinal blood vessels supply nutrients to the retina.
Examining the ocular fundus is important for diagnosing eye conditions and identifying signs of systemic diseases. Changes in these structures can reflect overall health conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and certain neurological disorders.