The popular notion of a snake “spitting” is often a misunderstanding, as they do not produce projectile saliva like mammals. Snakes do, however, defensively or physiologically expel various liquids and materials that can be confused with spit. These substances range from a fine stream of defensive venom to normal oral mucus or partially digested food. To accurately understand what is being expelled, it is necessary to examine the visual characteristics of each type of material.
The Appearance of Sprayed Venom
The most dramatic expulsion of liquid is the defensive spray of venom, a specialized act performed by certain snake species. This is not true spitting but rather a forced ejection of venom through modified fangs, using specialized muscles to squeeze the toxin out under pressure.
The expelled venom typically appears as a fine mist or a rapid stream of distinct droplets. Visually, the liquid is generally clear or a pale yellowish-white, possessing a consistency similar to a thin oil or water. The snake’s head movements often create a geometric spray pattern, increasing the likelihood of the venom reaching the target.
This defensive mechanism is highly accurate, specifically aimed at the eyes of a perceived threat. The venom can be projected a considerable distance, sometimes up to three meters away. The speed and pattern of the ejection ensure the liquid rarely pools, instead spreading across the target’s face or eyes upon impact.
Normal Oral Secretions
Like all animals, snakes produce saliva and mucus. This material is primarily clear and thin, functioning as a lubricant to help the snake swallow large, unchewed prey. The saliva also contains initial digestive enzymes that begin the meal’s breakdown.
A healthy snake’s oral secretions are rarely visible unless the snake is actively feeding. However, excessive oral mucus can signal a respiratory infection. In this case, the material may appear foamy, stringy, or unnaturally thick and sticky.
This accumulation of thick or bubbling fluid around the mouth is a symptom of illness, not a natural expulsion. The abnormal appearance is due to inflammation and the snake’s inability to clear the respiratory tract effectively.
Expulsion of Digestive Material
A snake may expel material from its digestive tract through regurgitation of a meal or the defensive release of cloacal fluids.
Regurgitation and Vomiting
Regurgitation occurs when a snake forcibly ejects food that has not yet been fully digested, often due to stress or improper environmental conditions. This expelled material is typically chunky and easily recognizable as the original prey item, possibly covered in digestive enzymes.
If the material is expelled further along in the digestive process, it is sometimes referred to as vomiting. The contents will appear more partially broken down, forming a semi-solid mass that may be brownish or reddish. This expulsion is a passive process that leaves behind a distinct, often foul-smelling, organic mass.
Cloacal Musk
The second type of expulsion is cloacal musk, a defensive secretion released from glands near the vent. This musk is a foul-smelling liquid often mixed with urine and feces. Visually, the musk is a milky or whitish liquid, possessing a greasy or oily texture. This pungent fluid acts as a chemical deterrent.
Safety Measures After Exposure
Immediate action is necessary if any expelled liquid or material from a snake comes into contact with a person.
Handling Venom Spray
In the event of venom spray, immediate and copious irrigation of the affected area, particularly the eyes, is necessary. The eyes should be flushed continuously for at least 15 to 20 minutes with any available non-irritating fluid, such as water or saline solution.
The primary goal of flushing the eyes is to dilute and wash away the cytotoxic venom to prevent severe pain and potential damage to the cornea. Following the initial decontamination, immediate medical attention is required to assess for any lasting injury.
Handling Digestive and Musk Materials
If a person comes into contact with regurgitated matter or cloacal musk, immediate and thorough hygiene is the appropriate response. The oily residue of defensive musk requires aggressive washing with soap and water to fully remove the substance and its lingering odor. Although these materials are not venomous, washing prevents the spread of bacteria and eliminates the noxious smell.