In physical therapy, PROM stands for Passive Range of Motion, a fundamental technique where an external force guides a joint through its available movement arc, without the patient actively engaging their muscles. It plays a foundational role in rehabilitation, particularly when a person’s ability to move independently is compromised.
Understanding Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
Passive Range of Motion refers to the movement of a body part through its available joint range by an external force. This “passive” aspect means the individual receiving the therapy does not use their own muscles to perform or assist the movement. Instead, a physical therapist, another person, or even a specialized machine provides all the effort to move the joint.
The term “range of motion” itself describes the full extent a joint can be moved in various directions. The primary goal of PROM is to maintain this flexibility and prevent issues like stiffness or contractures, which are the shortening of muscles and connective tissues that can limit movement. This type of motion is typically employed when a patient cannot or should not actively move a joint due to injury, surgery, paralysis, or severe weakness.
Distinguishing PROM from Other Range of Motion Exercises
PROM is one of several types of range of motion exercises, each differing in the level of patient muscle involvement. Active Range of Motion (AROM) involves movement performed entirely by the patient’s own muscle contraction without external assistance. For instance, a person lifting their arm overhead using only their shoulder muscles demonstrates AROM.
Active-Assistive Range of Motion (AAROM) sits between PROM and AROM. In AAROM, the patient actively tries to move the joint, but still requires some external help from a therapist, caregiver, or device to complete the movement. This assistance is often provided due to muscle weakness, pain, or to ensure proper movement patterns. The key distinction lies in the patient’s muscle engagement: PROM involves none, AAROM involves partial assistance, and AROM relies solely on the patient’s strength.
The Purpose and Benefits of PROM
Physical therapists utilize PROM for several therapeutic reasons, particularly when a patient is unable to move a joint independently. A primary objective is to prevent joint stiffness and the development of contractures. By gently moving the joint, PROM helps maintain the existing mobility and elasticity of muscles and surrounding tissues.
This technique also contributes to improved local circulation in the tissues around the joint. Furthermore, PROM can help in reducing pain or muscle spasms. Ultimately, PROM helps prepare the joint and surrounding structures for future active movement.
What to Expect During PROM Sessions
During a PROM session, a physical therapist, physical therapist assistant, or a trained caregiver performs the movements. The patient is instructed to relax, allowing the therapist to move the affected joint through its available range. Movements are performed gently and in a controlled manner, focusing on the joint’s natural anatomical limits.
Patients typically feel a gentle stretch, but sharp or increasing pain should not occur. Effective communication with the therapist regarding comfort levels or any discomfort experienced is important. The duration and frequency of PROM sessions vary based on the individual’s condition and rehabilitation goals, but typically involve multiple repetitions per joint.