Penile cancer is a rare type of cancer that begins in the cells of the penis. It accounts for less than 1% of all cancers in men in the United States, with fewer than 1 in 100,000 men diagnosed each year in North America and Europe. Recognizing these indicators early is important for prompt medical evaluation.
Common Visual Changes
Initial signs of penile cancer often manifest as visible changes on the skin of the penis. These changes typically appear on the glans, or head of the penis, or on the foreskin in uncircumcised men, though they can also occur on the shaft. One might observe a new lump, growth, or a sore that does not heal. These growths can vary in appearance, ranging from small, crusty bumps to flat, bluish-brown lesions or even wart-like formations.
The skin itself may show alterations, such as thickening or changes in color, including redness or other discolorations. A reddish or velvety rash, especially under the foreskin, could also be a sign. In some instances, these visual changes may be accompanied by a foul-smelling discharge or bleeding from the penis or from underneath the foreskin. Notably, these visual changes are often painless in their early stages.
Other Physical Sensations
Beyond visible alterations, penile cancer can also present with other physical sensations or non-visual symptoms. Individuals might experience unexplained pain in the penis, which can sometimes worsen during urination or sexual activity. Swelling at the end of the penis, particularly if it makes retracting the foreskin difficult, is another potential sign.
An unusual discharge from the penis that is not linked to sexual activity or infection may also occur. Bleeding from the penis, especially from a growth or sore, can be a symptom. Swollen lymph nodes in the groin area, which may feel like smooth lumps under the skin, can indicate that cancer has spread, although swollen lymph nodes can also result from infection. Changes in urination, such as difficulty or increased frequency, are also possible.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Any persistent or unexplained changes to the penis warrant immediate medical evaluation. Consult a healthcare professional if you notice a new lump, sore, rash, or any discoloration that does not resolve within a few weeks or worsens. Ignoring symptoms or attempting self-treatment can delay diagnosis and impact treatment outcomes.
While many penile changes are due to less serious conditions, such as infections or sexually transmitted illnesses, only a doctor can provide an accurate diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis significantly improves the range of available treatment options and the likelihood of a positive outcome. Healthcare providers are accustomed to addressing such concerns and can offer the necessary guidance and care.
Understanding Risk Factors
Several factors can increase a person’s risk of developing penile cancer. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant risk factor, with certain types of HPV linked to penile cancer. Men who are uncircumcised, especially those with phimosis—a condition where the foreskin is too tight to retract—are at a higher risk. This increased risk is partly due to potential poor hygiene and chronic inflammation caused by the accumulation of smegma under the foreskin.
Poor personal hygiene, particularly the lack of regular cleaning under the foreskin, can also contribute to risk. Smoking and other tobacco use have been associated with an increased likelihood of developing penile cancer. The risk also tends to increase with age, with most diagnoses occurring in men over 60. Certain treatments for psoriasis, such as psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) photochemotherapy, have been linked to an elevated risk. Having one or more risk factors does not guarantee that a person will develop penile cancer, and some cases occur without any known risk factors.