The immediate control of a small fire relies on the quick and correct use of a portable fire extinguisher. These devices are designed as a first line of defense to suppress an incipient fire. The effectiveness of a fire extinguisher depends on the user following a standardized procedure. This universally accepted method is encapsulated in the acronym PASS, a mnemonic that guides the operator through the precise steps required for successful fire suppression.
Defining the PASS Acronym
The four letters in the acronym PASS represent the successive actions an individual must take when operating a fire extinguisher.
P stands for Pull the pin, which is the initial step to unlock the operating mechanism. This pin is a safety feature that prevents accidental discharge of the extinguishing agent.
A represents Aim at the base of the fire, directing the nozzle or hose at the fuel source rather than the visible flames.
The first S stands for Squeeze the handle, which activates the extinguisher and releases the pressurized contents.
The final S requires the user to Sweep side to side across the base of the fire. This motion is necessary to thoroughly cover the entire burning area, helping prevent the fire from immediately reigniting.
Critical Safety Steps Before Using PASS
Before attempting to pull the pin, safety and assessment steps must be completed to ensure the situation is manageable. The decision to use an extinguisher should only be made if the fire is small, contained, and not spreading rapidly. It is necessary to confirm that the extinguisher is the correct type for the fire class, such as an ABC-rated extinguisher for common wood, liquid, and electrical fires. Using the wrong agent, such as water on a grease fire, can spread the flames and worsen the situation.
A clear, unobstructed escape route must be established and maintained behind the operator at all times. If the fire grows or the room fills with smoke, the operator must be able to retreat immediately. These initial actions are part of the broader fire response protocol known as RACE: Rescue, Alarm, Confine, and Extinguish. The “Extinguish” step, where the PASS technique is applied, is only attempted after emergency services have been alerted.
Executing the Fire Extinguisher Technique
The physical execution of the PASS steps requires precise movements. When pulling the pin, the user must break the tamper seal or wire that secures it, allowing the handle to be depressed. The operator should stand at a safe distance, typically between 6 to 8 feet from the fire, before discharging the agent. This distance protects the user from the immediate heat while allowing the stream to reach the target effectively.
The crucial aiming step involves pointing the nozzle directly at the material that is burning, which is the fuel source. Aiming at the top of the fire is inefficient because the agent will pass through the flames without cooling the fuel below the combustion temperature. Squeezing the handle slowly and firmly releases the extinguishing agent. The sweeping motion must cover the entire base of the fire until all visible flames are gone. The user should continue to watch the area closely, as quick reignition is possible, and the sweeping action may need to be repeated.