Omega-7 fatty acids are a group of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) gaining attention for their potential health benefits, though they are less discussed than Omega-3s and Omega-6s. Unlike Omega-3s and Omega-6s, which are essential fatty acids the body cannot produce, Omega-7s are non-essential because they can be synthesized internally. Despite internal production, supplementation is often used to achieve concentrations linked to specific health effects, particularly in metabolic and dermatological contexts. The most widely studied and commercially available form of this fatty acid class is palmitoleic acid.
Understanding Palmitoleic Acid
Palmitoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid, meaning its carbon chain contains only one double bond. This structure distinguishes it from saturated fats, which lack double bonds, and polyunsaturated fats like Omega-3s, which have multiple. The body naturally produces palmitoleic acid from palmitic acid through the action of an enzyme called stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1).
This fatty acid is a common component of fats stored in human adipose tissue and is present in all tissues, often with higher concentrations found in the liver. Palmitoleic acid functions as a lipokine, a type of signaling molecule that facilitates communication between various tissues, such as fat and muscle. As a lipokine, it helps coordinate systemic metabolic responses.
Role in Cellular and Metabolic Regulation
Palmitoleic acid’s function as an inter-tissue signaling molecule is central to its effects on metabolic health. The fatty acid has been linked to improvements in insulin sensitivity, which refers to how effectively cells respond to insulin to take up glucose from the bloodstream. Studies suggest that higher circulating levels of palmitoleic acid are associated with better insulin sensitivity and a reduced risk for developing type 2 diabetes.
These beneficial actions contrast with the negative impacts of palmitic acid, the saturated fat from which palmitoleic acid is derived. While palmitic acid is linked to insulin resistance and inflammation, palmitoleic acid appears to protect pancreatic beta cells and improve glucose uptake in muscle and liver cells. This highlights how the addition of a single double bond can result in vastly different biological effects.
Beyond glucose metabolism, palmitoleic acid demonstrates a positive influence on the blood lipid profile. Research indicates that supplementation may help normalize abnormal lipid levels. Specifically, it increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, often called “good” cholesterol, while lowering levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
Palmitoleic acid may modulate chronic, low-grade inflammation, a state frequently associated with metabolic syndrome. It has been shown to reduce levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of systemic inflammation. By suppressing inflammation and facilitating communication between fat and muscle, palmitoleic acid helps orchestrate a healthier metabolic environment.
Support for Skin and Mucous Membrane Integrity
Omega-7 fatty acids play a structural and protective role, particularly in barrier tissues like the skin and mucous membranes. Palmitoleic acid is a natural component of human sebum, produced by the skin’s sebaceous glands. Its similarity to the skin’s own lipids allows it to be easily integrated into the protective barrier.
By supporting the lipid layer of the skin, Omega-7 strengthens the barrier function, preventing transepidermal water loss. This action contributes to better skin hydration, elasticity, and overall softness. The moisturizing benefits extend beyond the external skin to internal mucous membranes.
The fatty acid is noted for supporting internal linings, including the digestive tract, eyes, and urogenital areas. It helps prevent dryness and promotes the integrity of these sensitive membranes, often relieving symptoms like dry eye or digestive discomfort. Its regenerative properties also support tissue repair and healing processes in the skin and mucosal surfaces.
Dietary Sources and Practical Intake
While the body can synthesize palmitoleic acid, dietary sources are available and often concentrated in supplemental forms. The most significant natural sources of Omega-7 are macadamia nuts and sea buckthorn oil. Macadamia oil contains a considerable amount of palmitoleic acid, while sea buckthorn oil, extracted from the berry pulp, is often the most concentrated source used in supplements.
Other sources include certain fish oils, such as those from salmon and anchovies, which contain Omega-7 alongside the more common Omega-3s. Purified palmitoleic acid is often sold in soft gel capsules for supplementation. The purity of the Omega-7 source is sometimes highlighted to minimize the co-ingestion of palmitic acid that can be present in unrefined sources.
Since Omega-7 is not classified as an essential nutrient, there is no established Recommended Daily Allowance. Dosage recommendations for supplements vary, with some studies using relatively small daily amounts to observe metabolic benefits. Individuals considering a supplement regimen, especially those with existing metabolic or cardiovascular concerns, should consult a healthcare provider for personalized guidance.