Being “not immune to hepatitis B” means a person lacks protection against the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). This leaves them vulnerable to infection if exposed.
About Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). This virus targets the liver, leading to inflammation and damage. It spreads through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids, such as semen and vaginal fluids. Common routes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or drug injection equipment, and from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.
The infection can be acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis B is a short-term condition, often cleared naturally by the immune system within six months. However, for some, especially those infected at a young age, the infection becomes chronic, persisting for six months or longer. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to serious complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
Understanding Susceptibility
Not being immune to hepatitis B means the body lacks protective antibodies (anti-HBs) against the virus, leaving an individual susceptible to infection. These antibodies are essential for recognizing and neutralizing HBV; without them, the immune system cannot effectively defend against the virus.
Reasons for lacking immunity include never having been exposed to the virus and clearing it, or never having received the hepatitis B vaccine. Some individuals may also not develop a sufficient antibody response even after vaccination, a phenomenon known as vaccine non-response.
How Immunity is Achieved
Immunity to hepatitis B can be achieved through natural infection or vaccination. Natural immunity develops when the immune system successfully clears an HBV infection, producing specific antibodies that provide long-term protection. Most adults who contract acute hepatitis B clear the virus and develop lasting immunity.
Vaccination is the other method. The hepatitis B vaccine introduces a non-infectious part of the virus, stimulating the immune system to produce protective antibodies without causing illness. The vaccine is highly effective, with over 90% of adults and 98% of babies developing strong protection after completing the series. Vaccination reduces the risk of infection and its potential long-term complications.
Steps for Non-Immune Individuals
For individuals who discover they are not immune to hepatitis B, proactive steps are important for protection. The first step involves blood tests to confirm infection status and antibody levels. These tests determine if there is an active infection or if protective antibodies are lacking. Testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) identifies current infection, while testing for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) indicates immunity.
If not infected but lacking immunity, vaccination is recommended. The hepatitis B vaccine is typically a three-dose series over several months, for example, at 0, 1, and 6 months. Completing the entire series is essential for optimal, long-lasting protection.
While awaiting full immunity from vaccination, or if vaccination is not immediately possible, individuals should take precautions to minimize exposure risk. This includes avoiding sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes and practicing safe sex using barrier methods. These measures help prevent infection until protective immunity is established.