The common myrtle, Myrtus communis, is an evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean region, known for its dense foliage and highly aromatic properties. Tiny oil glands release a complex fragrance when the leaves or berries are crushed. The resulting scent is a blend of refreshing, earthy, and slightly medicinal notes, securing myrtle’s place in ancient traditions and modern perfumery.
The Distinctive Scent Profile
The primary impression of myrtle’s aroma is often described as intensely fresh, green, and herbaceous, with a clean, slightly penetrating quality. This immediate burst of freshness comes from the leaves and twigs, which contain the highest concentration of volatile oils. Many people find a strong resemblance to the sharp, clear notes of eucalyptus or camphor when they first encounter the scent.
Beneath the initial herbal sharpness lies a complex, layered character that distinguishes myrtle from other aromatic shrubs. The scent often carries a balsamic or resinous undertone, recalling the dry warmth of the Mediterranean scrubland where it thrives. This deep, woody aspect is balanced by a subtle sweetness and a faint, spicy note reminiscent of allspice or bay leaf.
The sensory experience varies depending on the part of the plant. While the leaves offer the fresh, herbaceous scent, the small white flowers introduce a soft, floral nuance. The mature, dark blue-black berries possess a more fruity and slightly rougher aromatic quality, often used in culinary applications. The extracted oil is a top-note aromatic; its bright, diffusive scent is perceived first but does not linger for an extended period.
Chemical Components of the Aroma
The complex aroma of myrtle is due to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), primarily monoterpenes, found within its essential oil. These constituents determine the fragrance profile and vary based on the plant’s geographic origin and the specific part used for extraction.
One of the most abundant and influential compounds is 1,8-cineole, also known as eucalyptol, which is responsible for the characteristic sharp, menthol-like, and camphoraceous notes. This compound provides the oil with its penetrating, slightly medicinal quality, linking its scent to that of eucalyptus. Another major component is alpha-pinene, a monoterpene that contributes the fresh, pine-like, and resinous green scent to the oil.
Other important compounds include limonene, which imparts a subtle lemony or citrus peel note, and linalool, which adds a delicate, softer floral aspect. The presence of myrtenyl acetate further shapes the aroma, often contributing a sweet, fruity, or subtly earthy character, particularly in oils derived from the berries. The specific ratio of these chemicals creates distinct chemotypes that influence the final scent perceived.
Uses and Cultural Significance of the Scent
The distinctive myrtle scent has been valued for centuries, incorporated into various cultural and practical applications. In ancient times, Roman women used myrtle-infused water for personal care. In the Middle Ages, a distilled product called “Angel’s Water” was used as a cosmetic tonic.
The essential oil is a recognized ingredient in the flavor and fragrance industries, particularly in perfumery as a top-note material. It is employed in cologne compositions, herbal blends, and fresh accords, where its brightness helps smooth transitions between citrus and aromatic notes. The scent is also utilized in Mediterranean culinary traditions, where the leaves and berries flavor roasts and create aromatic liqueurs.
Beyond practical uses, the scent of myrtle holds deep symbolic meaning, often representing love, beauty, and purity. In ancient Greece, the shrub was associated with the goddess Aphrodite, and its branches were woven into wreaths for Olympic victors and wedding crowns. Even today, myrtle is included in bridal bouquets to symbolize loyalty and devotion.