MMJ is an acronym for Medical Marijuana or Medical Cannabis, referring to the use of the cannabis plant and its components to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions. The practice involves using the plant, primarily species like Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, under the guidance of a healthcare professional. This approach is distinct from recreational use, as it focuses on specific therapeutic outcomes for patients.
Defining Medical Cannabis
Medical cannabis is defined by its purpose: the treatment or management of symptoms associated with various health conditions. Unlike recreational cannabis, medical use is typically authorized by a physician or requires a state-issued medical card, ensuring the product is used within a structured health context.
The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica) is the source for both medical and recreational products. Medical formulations often feature a higher ratio of cannabidiol (CBD) to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compared to recreational products. Regulation of medical cannabis is generally stricter, including quality control and standardization to ensure consistent dosing for patients. This regulatory difference reflects the product’s role as a therapeutic agent.
Key Therapeutic Components
The therapeutic effects of medical cannabis originate from cannabinoids, the two most prominent being Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects, or the “high,” while CBD is non-intoxicating. Both compounds interact with the human body’s Endocannabinoid System (ECS), a complex cell-signaling network that regulates functions like mood, pain sensation, and immune response.
The ECS includes two main receptors: CB1, concentrated in the central nervous system, and CB2, found largely on immune cells in the peripheral nervous system. THC binds directly and strongly to the CB1 receptor, producing its psychoactive effects, alongside potential benefits like pain relief and appetite stimulation. CBD, conversely, has a low affinity for both receptors and influences the ECS indirectly.
One proposed mechanism is that CBD prevents the breakdown of the body’s naturally produced endocannabinoids, allowing them to remain active longer. This modulation helps fine-tune the ECS, often tempering THC’s psychoactivity while amplifying anti-inflammatory and other regulatory effects. The combined action of these compounds is sometimes referred to as the “entourage effect,” suggesting a synergistic benefit when used together.
Common Methods of Administration
The method of administration dictates how quickly a patient feels the effects and how long they will last.
Inhalation
Inhalation, typically through vaporization, offers the fastest onset, often within minutes, as cannabinoids are rapidly absorbed via the lungs. This method is preferred for acute symptoms, such as sudden pain or panic attacks. However, the duration of effect is shorter, usually lasting only two to four hours.
Oral Consumption
Oral consumption involves ingesting capsules, edibles, or oils, which must pass through the digestive system and liver. This process delays the onset of effects, which can take 30 minutes to two hours. However, it results in a longer duration, potentially lasting six to twelve hours, making it suited for managing chronic conditions like persistent pain or insomnia.
Other Methods
- Sublingual administration: Oils or tinctures are placed under the tongue, allowing absorption through mucous membranes and bypassing initial liver metabolism. This provides an intermediate onset (15 to 45 minutes) with effects lasting around four to six hours.
- Topical application: Creams and balms provide localized relief without significant systemic absorption. This means topical application does not cause psychoactive effects.