Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. This system includes lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow, all of which produce and transport lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection. Lymphoma develops when these lymphocytes change and grow uncontrollably, often accumulating in lymph nodes or other organs. While the appearance of lymphoma can vary significantly, understanding its common signs is important for early recognition. These signs are not exclusive to lymphoma and can be caused by many other conditions, but they warrant medical attention for proper evaluation.
Common Physical Signs
The primary physical indication of lymphoma is the painless swelling of one or more lymph nodes. These small nodes filter lymph fluid and are found throughout the body. When affected by lymphoma, these swollen lymph nodes typically feel firm or rubbery to the touch and are generally not tender.
Common locations where these enlarged lymph nodes can be felt include the neck, armpits, and groin. Swelling occurs because abnormal lymphocytes accumulate within the nodes, causing them to enlarge. While normal lymph nodes swell in response to infections, those associated with lymphoma tend to persist, grow larger, or appear without an obvious reason.
Lymph nodes are considered enlarged if they are larger than 1.5 centimeters in diameter. Although a single enlarged node can occur, lymphoma lumps often appear in clusters.
Accompanying Systemic Symptoms
Lymphoma often presents with systemic symptoms, commonly referred to as “B symptoms.” These include unexplained fevers above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) that may come and go over several days or weeks. Drenching night sweats, severe enough to soak clothing and bedding, are another B symptom.
Unexplained weight loss, defined as losing over 10% of body weight within six months without trying, is also a B symptom. Persistent fatigue that does not improve with rest, alongside generalized itching (pruritus) without an obvious rash, are also common.
The presence of B symptoms, particularly when combined with swollen lymph nodes, can be an important indicator for healthcare providers. While fatigue and itching are common, the combination of fever, drenching night sweats, and significant unexplained weight loss is particularly noted in the context of lymphoma.
Less Common Manifestations
Lymphoma can affect parts of the body beyond lymph nodes, leading to less common physical presentations. Skin involvement can manifest as lesions, such as red, itchy patches resembling eczema or psoriasis, or as nodules and lumps under the skin. These skin changes are often seen in specific types of skin lymphoma.
When lymphoma affects internal organs, symptoms depend on the organ involved. Abdominal swelling or pain can occur if the spleen or liver becomes enlarged. If lymph nodes in the chest or lungs are affected, individuals might experience a persistent cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain.
Bone pain can also be a manifestation, especially if lymphoma cells infiltrate the bone marrow or if tumors develop in the bones. This pain can be persistent and may affect areas like the legs, ribs, spine, or pelvis. These varied manifestations highlight that lymphoma’s appearance can extend beyond typical swollen lymph nodes.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Consult a healthcare professional if you notice persistent or unexplained swollen lymph nodes. This is particularly important if the swelling continues for more than two to four weeks, grows larger, feels hard or rubbery, or does not move when pressed. Lymph nodes that appear without a known reason should also prompt medical evaluation.
Also seek medical attention if swollen lymph nodes are accompanied by systemic symptoms, such as unexplained fever, drenching night sweats, or significant weight loss. Persistent fatigue or generalized itching without a clear cause also warrants discussion with a doctor. A medical professional can assess the symptoms, conduct necessary tests, and provide an accurate diagnosis.