Hepatitis B is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver. Immunity in this context means the body’s ability to resist the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and prevent infection. Not having immunity to Hepatitis B means an individual is unprotected and vulnerable to contracting the virus if exposed.
Understanding Susceptibility to Hepatitis B
Without immunity, an individual is susceptible to contracting the Hepatitis B virus upon exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids. Exposure can occur through sexual contact, sharing needles or drug injection equipment, or from an infected mother to her baby during birth. It also spreads through contaminated items like razors, toothbrushes, or unsterile equipment for tattoos and piercings.
Upon infection, the outcome can vary. Some individuals may experience an acute infection, a short-term illness (less than six months). Acute infections can be mild or asymptomatic, but may also cause severe symptoms like fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). A more serious concern is chronic Hepatitis B, where the virus persists for over six months. Chronic Hepatitis B can lead to serious liver damage, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer, and can be fatal. The risk of chronic infection is significantly higher in infants and young children infected with HBV, with about 90% of infected newborns developing a lifelong infection compared to 2-6% of infected adults.
Achieving Protection Against Hepatitis B
Immunity to Hepatitis B can be gained through vaccination. The Hepatitis B vaccine safely and effectively prevents infection. It stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies (anti-HBs) against the virus.
The vaccine involves a series of shots over several months. Adults typically receive a two-dose series one month apart or a three-dose series over six months, with schedules varying by brand. Infants usually receive their first dose within 24 hours of birth, with additional doses completing the series. This vaccination series is highly effective, inducing immunity in over 95% of healthy infants, children, and young adults, and providing protection for at least 20 years, potentially lifelong. While natural infection can also lead to lifelong immunity, vaccination is the recommended and safer approach.
Guidance for Individuals Without Immunity
If you do not have immunity to Hepatitis B, consult a healthcare provider. They can discuss your test results and recommend the appropriate vaccination schedule for you. Completing the recommended vaccine series is the most effective way to protect yourself from HBV infection.
While awaiting or undergoing vaccination, take precautions to minimize exposure risk. These measures include practicing safer sex by consistently using condoms, avoiding the sharing of needles or any drug injection equipment, and refraining from sharing personal items like razors, toothbrushes, or nail clippers that might have come into contact with blood. Healthcare professionals can also provide guidance on other specific actions to reduce your risk of exposure.