Sunburn often comes with an uncomfortable itch, ranging from mild to intense. Understanding its causes and how to manage it can provide relief. This article explores the causes of this sensation and outlines effective strategies for treatment and prevention.
The Science Behind the Itch
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun damages skin cells, initiating an inflammatory response. This damage, primarily caused by UVB rays, leads to the release of chemicals like histamine into the affected skin. Histamine and other inflammatory mediators irritate nerve endings, causing the sensation of itching.
As the skin attempts to heal, cells may undergo programmed cell death, visible as “sunburn cells.” Additionally, as sunburned skin dries and peels, its compromised barrier can become more sensitive and itchy.
Understanding Hell’s Itch
An unusually intense and severe form of itchy sunburn is known as Hell’s Itch, also called “suicide itch” or pruritus anserina. This condition differs from a typical sunburn itch due to its excruciating, deep, and throbbing nature. Individuals often describe the sensation as fire ants biting under the skin or an uncontrollable itch causing stabbing pain when scratched.
Hell’s Itch typically emerges 24 to 72 hours after significant sun exposure, often affecting areas like the upper back and shoulders. While its precise biological mechanisms are not fully understood, theories suggest it might involve specific inflammatory pathways or nerve damage from severe UV exposure. This intense itching can last for several days, sometimes leading to sleep disruption.
Effective Relief Strategies
To alleviate an itchy sunburn, several approaches can help. Apply cool compresses or take cool (not cold) baths or showers without harsh soaps to soothe the skin and reduce burning. After bathing, gently pat the skin dry, leaving it slightly damp, then apply a moisturizer.
Moisturizers with aloe vera or calamine lotion are often recommended for soothing properties. Over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream (1%) can reduce inflammation and itching, but use it cautiously and for short periods. Oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, cetirizine, or loratadine, can also help by blocking histamine. Avoid scratching, as this can worsen irritation and potentially lead to infection.
When to Consult a Doctor
While many itchy sunburns can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant medical attention. Consult a healthcare provider if you develop large blisters, especially if they cover more than 20% of your body, or if blisters appear on your face, hands, or genitals. Signs of infection, such as pus, increasing pain, redness, or swelling, also indicate a need for professional evaluation.
Systemic symptoms like fever over 102 degrees Fahrenheit, chills, headache, nausea, dizziness, or confusion are serious and require immediate medical assessment. If the itching is unbearable, severe, and not responding to home remedies, particularly in cases suspected to be Hell’s Itch, seeking medical advice is advisable.
Preventing Itchy Sunburns
The most effective way to prevent itchy sunburns is to avoid getting sunburned. Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Broad-spectrum sunscreen protects against both UVA and UVB rays.
Apply sunscreen generously to all exposed skin 15 to 30 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours, or more frequently after swimming, sweating, or toweling off. Seeking shade, especially during peak sun hours (10 a.m. to 2 p.m.), and wearing protective clothing like long-sleeved shirts and wide-brimmed hats also significantly reduces UV exposure.