When a blood test is performed, it provides a snapshot of various blood components, offering insights into health. A complete blood count (CBC) includes Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH). These values inform about red blood cells, which carry oxygen. Understanding them clarifies initial blood test results.
What MCV and MCH Measure
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells. A low MCV indicates smaller red blood cells, a condition called microcytosis.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) measures hemoglobin per red blood cell. Low MCH signifies less hemoglobin per red blood cell, often making them appear paler. This is known as hypochromia.
Common Conditions Associated with Low Levels
A common reason for low MCV and MCH levels is iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Iron is essential for hemoglobin production; its lack impairs creation. Reduced hemoglobin production leads to smaller red blood cells with less oxygen. Causes include chronic blood loss (e.g., heavy menstrual periods, GI bleeding), inadequate dietary intake, or impaired absorption.
Another cause of low MCV and MCH is thalassemia, an inherited blood disorder. Genetic mutations affect hemoglobin production, resulting in abnormal or insufficient hemoglobin. This condition causes red blood cells to be small and pale, even with normal iron levels. Thalassemia severity varies, from mild forms needing no treatment to severe forms requiring regular blood transfusions.
Other conditions, though less common than iron deficiency or thalassemia, can cause low MCV and MCH. Anemia of chronic disease may sometimes show microcytic and hypochromic features. Sideroblastic anemia, a rare disorder where the body fails to incorporate iron into hemoglobin, can also cause these low values. These causes often require specialized diagnosis.
Recognizing Symptoms and Getting a Diagnosis
Individuals with low MCV and MCH, especially if anemic, may have symptoms. Common indicators include fatigue, weakness, pale skin. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, dizziness, cold hands and feet, brittle nails. These symptoms are not exclusive to low MCV and MCH and can be associated with other health issues.
Because symptoms are non-specific, diagnosis requires further medical evaluation. If low MCV and MCH are detected, a healthcare provider will order tests to pinpoint the cause. For suspected iron deficiency anemia, this often includes iron studies. To investigate thalassemia, hemoglobin electrophoresis may be performed. Medical history and physical examination are also crucial.
Treatment Approaches and Next Steps
Treatment for low MCV and MCH levels depends on the underlying cause. For iron deficiency anemia, the approach involves iron supplementation, often with oral tablets. Dietary adjustments, such as eating more iron-rich foods (red meat, fortified cereals, leafy greens), are also recommended. Addressing the root cause of iron loss (e.g., treating GI bleeding or managing heavy menstrual periods) is also necessary.
Managing thalassemia varies based on its type and severity. Individuals with mild forms, often called thalassemia minor or trait, may not require treatment. More severe forms, such as beta-thalassemia major, may require regular blood transfusions to maintain hemoglobin. Bone marrow transplantation may be considered for severe thalassemia.
Individuals with low MCV and MCH levels should consult a healthcare professional. Interpreting blood test results and determining action requires specialized medical knowledge. Self-diagnosing or attempting self-treatment based solely on blood test numbers can be harmful. A doctor can provide personalized advice, conduct follow-up tests, and implement a tailored management plan.