Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in the uterus. These growths are common and can vary in size from very small to quite large. While many individuals with fibroids experience no symptoms, for others, abnormal uterine bleeding is a common and often disruptive manifestation. This bleeding can significantly impact daily life, necessitating an understanding of its characteristics.
Key Characteristics of Fibroid-Related Bleeding
Fibroid-related bleeding frequently presents as abnormally heavy menstrual periods. This often means needing to change sanitary products every hour for several consecutive hours. Individuals may also experience the passage of large blood clots. This excessive flow can lead to bleeding through clothes, creating significant inconvenience.
Beyond heaviness, the duration of bleeding can also be affected. Periods might last longer than the typical five to seven days. In some instances, bleeding may occur between menstrual cycles, known as intermenstrual bleeding or spotting. Irregular periods or bleeding after sexual intercourse can also be associated with fibroids.
The sheer volume of blood loss is a distinguishing feature. This substantial bleeding can lead to other physical symptoms. Individuals might experience severe cramping or pelvic pressure. Significant blood loss can result in anemia, characterized by extreme fatigue, weakness, pale skin, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
Understanding the Mechanism of Fibroid Bleeding
Uterine fibroids contribute to abnormal bleeding through several mechanisms, related to their location and influence on the uterine lining. Fibroids, particularly those located just beneath the uterine lining (submucosal fibroids) or within the muscular wall of the uterus (intramural fibroids), can significantly impact the endometrium. Submucosal fibroids are particularly associated with heavy bleeding because they protrude into the uterine cavity.
These growths can distort the normal shape of the uterine cavity, increasing the surface area of the lining that sheds during menstruation. Fibroids can also stimulate the growth of additional blood vessels within the uterus, leading to an increased blood supply and heavier bleeding. The presence of fibroids can interfere with the uterus’s ability to contract effectively. Normal uterine contractions help to compress blood vessels and stop bleeding after the lining has shed, but fibroids can hinder this process, resulting in prolonged or excessive flow.
Hormonal factors also play a role, as fibroids are sensitive to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fibroids can disrupt the delicate hormonal balance within the uterus, contributing to irregular shedding patterns and heavy blood loss. This disruption can lead to a thicker uterine lining that bleeds more profusely when it sheds.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
Abnormal uterine bleeding warrants evaluation by a healthcare professional. Many conditions can cause similar bleeding patterns, and a proper diagnosis ensures appropriate management and rules out more serious issues.
Certain symptoms indicate a need for prompt medical attention. This includes extremely heavy bleeding, such as soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several hours in a row. Signs of anemia, including severe fatigue, persistent dizziness, shortness of breath, or noticeable paleness. Any new or worsening abnormal bleeding patterns, severe or debilitating pelvic pain, or bleeding after menopause. Bleeding during pregnancy.
To assist in diagnosis, it is beneficial to track symptoms before an appointment. This involves noting the dates of bleeding, the intensity of the flow, the presence and size of blood clots, and any associated pain or other symptoms.