Catnip, known scientifically as Nepeta cataria, is a perennial herb belonging to the mint family, Lamiaceae. This plant is widely recognized for its distinctive effect on felines, often prompting playful and sometimes euphoric behaviors in cats. Originating from southern and eastern Europe, as well as parts of the Middle East and Central Asia, catnip has since become naturalized across North America. The common curiosity about its impact on humans stems from its interaction with felines.
The Key Difference: Cats vs. Humans
The pronounced behavioral changes observed in cats after exposure to catnip are primarily due to a specific compound called nepetalactone. This volatile oil interacts with sensory neurons in a cat’s nasal tissue, binding to particular receptors. This interaction signals to the cat’s brain, influencing regions associated with emotional and behavioral responses. Approximately two-thirds of adult cats exhibit a visible reaction, such as sniffing, licking, or rolling; the response is genetic, and not all cats are affected.
Humans, however, do not possess the same specific receptors for nepetalactone, meaning they do not experience the euphoric or hallucinogenic effects seen in cats. While some research indicates nepetalactone may interact with the human nervous system, the effect is considerably different and does not induce a “high” like it does in felines.
Reported Human Effects and Uses
Despite not eliciting a “catnip high,” Nepeta cataria has been traditionally used by humans for its own set of mild effects, primarily as an herbal remedy. It is most commonly known for its mild sedative and calming properties, often consumed as a tea to promote relaxation and ease restlessness. This calming effect may be linked to nepetalactone’s influence on the parasympathetic nervous system, encouraging a relaxed state. Catnip tea has been used historically to alleviate stress, improve sleep quality, and ease anxiety.
Beyond its calming attributes, catnip has also been employed to address digestive discomforts such as indigestion, gas, and cramping due to its antispasmodic properties. Some reports also suggest it can provide relief for headaches and common cold or flu symptoms. Historically, catnip leaves and flowers were used in herbal teas as early as 1735, and it was even included in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1840 to 1890 for medicinal purposes. Additionally, catnip’s essential oil, containing nepetalactone, has been recognized for its insect repellent qualities, particularly against mosquitoes.
Safety and Important Considerations
Catnip is generally considered safe for most adults when consumed in moderate amounts. Mild side effects can include drowsiness, headaches, or upset stomach, particularly in large doses. Because of its sedative properties, individuals should avoid operating heavy machinery or driving after consuming catnip. Catnip can also act as a diuretic, potentially leading to frequent urination.
Certain groups should avoid catnip due to contraindications. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should not consume catnip, as it may stimulate the uterus and could lead to miscarriage, and its safety during lactation is not well-studied. It is also not recommended for young children, as one report noted stomach pain and sluggishness.
Individuals with pelvic inflammatory disease or heavy menstrual periods should also avoid catnip, as it may worsen these conditions. Catnip may interact with certain medications, especially sedatives. Consult a healthcare professional before use, particularly if taking other herbs or depressants.