Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique performed when someone’s heart stops beating or they stop breathing. This emergency procedure works to restore blood circulation and breathing, significantly increasing the chances of survival after sudden cardiac arrest. Medical guidelines for CPR are regularly updated to maximize effectiveness and improve patient outcomes.
Understanding the CAB Acronym
The acronym “CAB” in CPR stands for Compressions, Airway, and Breathing. This sequence emphasizes the order of actions a rescuer should take. “C” involves manually pressing on the chest to pump blood, maintaining flow to vital organs like the brain and heart. “A” focuses on ensuring a clear passage for air into the lungs. “B” involves providing rescue breaths to deliver oxygen.
The Rationale Behind CAB
The CAB sequence is the recommended standard due to scientific evidence supporting immediate chest compressions. Previous guidelines, known as ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation), prioritized opening the airway and providing breaths before compressions. However, research indicated that delaying chest compressions to address airway and breathing first could reduce survival rates. Shifting to CAB ensures blood flow to the brain and heart is initiated without delay, utilizing residual oxygen in the bloodstream. This change, implemented by organizations like the American Heart Association in 2010, aims to maximize the early moments of a cardiac arrest.
Applying CAB in a CPR Emergency
When encountering an unresponsive person not breathing normally, immediate action following the CAB sequence is crucial. First, call for emergency services (such as 911 in the US). If alone with an adult, call for help before starting CPR; if with another person, one can call while the other begins compressions.
Begin chest compressions by placing the heel of one hand in the center of the person’s chest, between the nipples, with the other hand on top. Push down firmly and quickly, aiming for a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) but no more than 2.4 inches (6 cm) for adults. Maintain a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute, ensuring the chest recoils fully after each compression. Minimize interruptions in compressions, as continuous blood flow is important.
After 30 compressions, open the person’s airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Place one hand on their forehead and gently tilt the head back, while lifting the chin forward with the other hand. Check for any visible obstructions in the mouth and remove them if present.
Next, deliver two rescue breaths. Pinch the person’s nostrils shut and cover their mouth with yours, creating a seal. Give each breath over about one second, ensuring their chest visibly rises. If the chest does not rise, reposition the head and try again. Immediately resume chest compressions after delivering the two breaths, continuing cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths until emergency medical help arrives or the person shows signs of movement.