Clostridioides difficile, commonly known as C. diff, is a bacterium that can cause severe inflammation of the colon, colitis, and persistent diarrhea. This infection arises when the natural balance of bacteria in the gut is disrupted, often by antibiotic use, allowing C. diff to multiply and release toxins that damage the intestinal lining. Recognizing the signs of a C. diff infection, especially changes in stool appearance, is important due to its potential for serious complications.
Characteristics of C. diff Stool
C. diff stool exhibits distinct visual and olfactory characteristics. The most common feature is watery diarrhea, which can range in consistency from mushy to almost entirely liquid. In mild cases, individuals may experience three or more loose stools daily; severe infections can escalate to 10 to 15 times a day.
The color of C. diff stool varies, often appearing greenish or yellowish. Mucus is often present, and in severe instances, visible streaks of blood or pus may be observed. Beyond its appearance, C. diff stool often has a particularly strong and foul odor, sometimes described as unusually sweet. This distinctive smell is thought to result from bacterial changes in the gut, including increased levels of bile acids in the stool.
Other Symptoms of C. diff Infection
While changes in stool are a primary indicator, C. diff infection often presents with other symptoms. Abdominal pain and cramping are common, varying from mild to severe, sometimes accompanied by a swollen abdomen. These gastrointestinal symptoms stem from inflammation and damage to the colon caused by bacterial toxins.
Individuals with C. diff may also experience systemic symptoms, including fever, nausea, and loss of appetite. In severe cases, dehydration can occur due to significant fluid loss from frequent diarrhea, potentially leading to a rapid heart rate and rapid weight loss. Recognizing these additional symptoms alongside changes in stool can provide a more complete picture of a potential C. diff infection.
When to Consult a Healthcare Provider
If you observe changes in stool, such as frequent watery or mushy diarrhea, especially if accompanied by a foul or sweet odor, contact a healthcare provider. This is particularly relevant if these stool changes combine with other symptoms like abdominal pain, fever, nausea, or signs of dehydration. Prompt medical attention is even more important if you have risk factors such as recent antibiotic use, a history of hospitalization, or are over 65.
Avoid self-diagnosing or attempting to self-treat a suspected C. diff infection. A healthcare provider will request a stool sample for laboratory testing to confirm the presence of C. diff toxins, which is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. Early consultation allows for appropriate testing and the initiation of specific antibiotic treatment, if needed, to manage the infection and prevent potential complications.