Bare root refers to a method of selling trees, shrubs, and other perennial plants where the specimen is harvested from the field without any soil or growing medium around its roots. This practice is common for woody and herbaceous plants that are completely dormant, typically occurring between late autumn and early spring. The method provides a cost-effective and efficient way to purchase and transport plants compared to container-grown or balled-and-burlapped stock.
The Nature of Bare Root Stock
Bare root stock is harvested during the dormant season when plants have dropped their leaves and ceased active growth. This state of inactivity minimizes transplant shock because the plant’s metabolic processes are slowed down. Harvesting while dormant also ensures the plant is not actively transpirating water through foliage, which would rapidly dry out the exposed roots.
Selling plants without heavy soil offers significant logistical and financial benefits. The lack of a soil ball drastically reduces the weight and volume, making shipping easier and less expensive. This lower production and transport cost makes bare root plants considerably cheaper than potted equivalents. Additionally, this method allows for a clear inspection of the root structure, enabling the buyer to check for circling or damaged roots before planting.
A wide variety of plants are sold this way, including deciduous trees, fruit trees, roses, hedging plants, and perennial vegetables like asparagus. When planted correctly, these dormant specimens often establish more quickly than container plants. Their roots are placed directly into native soil, encouraging immediate outward growth, and the plant’s energy is directed toward developing new roots before supporting spring leaf growth.
Pre-Planting Handling and Storage
The exposed root system is highly vulnerable to drying out, making immediate care upon receipt important. Before planting, the roots must be rehydrated by soaking them in tepid water for two to twelve hours. This soaking allows the dry root tissues to absorb water necessary for metabolic functions to resume once the plant is in the ground.
If planting is delayed for a few days, store the stock in a cool, dark, and frost-free location, such as an unheated garage or basement, to maintain dormancy. The roots must be kept consistently moist during storage, often by wrapping them in damp materials like sphagnum moss or shredded paper. Temperatures between 34 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit are optimal for keeping the plants suspended without freezing the roots.
For longer delays, a temporary planting method called “heeling in” is necessary. This involves placing the roots into a shallow trench or mound of loose soil, compost, or sawdust and covering them completely. Heeling in prevents desiccation and protects the root system from harsh environmental conditions until the permanent planting site is ready.
Planting Bare Root Stock for Success
Planting bare root stock requires careful attention to the root structure and planting depth. Dig a hole wide enough to allow the roots to spread out naturally without bending or circling, usually two to three times the width of the root spread. The hole should be deep enough so the plant’s crown or graft union sits just above the final soil line after backfilling.
Setting the plant too deep can lead to crown rot. A useful technique is to create a small, firm mound of soil in the center of the planting hole, draping the roots over it to encourage outward growth. After positioning the plant, gently backfill the hole with the original soil, ensuring the roots are fully covered and in direct contact with the soil.
Water the newly planted stock thoroughly immediately after backfilling to eliminate air pockets that can dry out roots. This deep watering settles the soil around the fine root hairs and provides necessary moisture for establishment. Apply a two to four-inch layer of mulch around the base to retain moisture and regulate temperature, keeping it a few inches away from the trunk or stem. New bare root plants do not require fertilization in the first season, as this can burn the newly developing roots.