Anal cancer develops in the tissues of the anus. Though relatively rare, understanding its potential indicators is important for early detection and improved outcomes. Recognizing the signs and symptoms can prompt timely medical evaluation.
Visible Signs of Anus Cancer
Physical changes around the anus can signal the presence of anal cancer. One common visible sign is the appearance of new lumps or growths. These masses may be felt just inside or outside the anus, often described as firm or hard, and can have an irregular shape. Unlike some benign conditions, these lumps may persist or progressively enlarge over time.
Changes in the skin’s appearance are also indicators. This can include new skin tags that differ from existing ones, or persistent sores around the anus that do not heal. Such sores might be painful and can sometimes be mistaken for other conditions. Any noticeable changes in the color or texture of the skin in the anal area warrant attention.
Visible bleeding from the anus is a frequent symptom. While bright red blood might be present, similar to hemorrhoids, bleeding associated with anal cancer can also appear darker and be more persistent, occurring even without straining during bowel movements.
Accompanying Symptoms
Beyond what is visible, several other symptoms can accompany anal cancer. Persistent pain or discomfort in the anal or pelvic area is a common complaint, which may worsen over time and can be constant rather than intermittent. This pain is distinct from the acute, sharp pain often associated with conditions like anal fissures.
Chronic itching or irritation around the anus, known as pruritus, can also be a symptom. This persistent itch may not respond to typical over-the-counter treatments. Furthermore, individuals might experience unusual anal discharge, which can include mucus, pus, or blood.
Changes in bowel habits are another set of non-visual symptoms. These can manifest as a need to have bowel movements more or less frequently, increased straining, or a noticeable narrowing of the stool. Some individuals might also report a feeling of fullness in the anal area, or a sensation that a bowel movement is incomplete even after evacuation.
Distinguishing from Common Benign Conditions
Many symptoms of anal cancer can resemble those of more common, non-cancerous conditions. Hemorrhoids, for instance, are swollen blood vessels that can cause lumps, bleeding, and discomfort. Hemorrhoid lumps are typically softer and more “squishy,” often protruding during bowel movements and possibly retracting afterward.
Bleeding from hemorrhoids is usually bright red, whereas anal cancer bleeding can be bright or dark and may be more continuous. Hemorrhoid symptoms tend to be intermittent, improving with at-home care, while anal cancer symptoms are often persistent and worsen over time.
Anal warts, caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), also present as growths around the anus. These are typically soft, dome-shaped bumps that can be light brown, yellow, pink, or flesh-colored, sometimes forming cauliflower-like clusters. While HPV infection is a primary cause of anal cancer, the warts themselves are not cancerous, though certain types of HPV can lead to pre-cancerous cellular changes.
Anal fissures, which are small tears in the anal lining, commonly cause sharp pain during bowel movements and bright red blood on toilet paper. They can also lead to a small lump if the tear extends, but unlike cancerous growths, fissures are benign and often heal with appropriate care.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention promptly for any persistent or concerning anal symptoms, especially if new or worsening. Early detection of anal cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes, as the disease is often curable when identified in its initial stages. Discuss symptoms with a healthcare provider, even if they seem minor or potentially embarrassing, as many common conditions can mimic anal cancer.
A doctor typically begins with a physical examination, including a digital rectal exam (DRE) to feel for lumps or abnormalities. Further diagnostic steps may involve an anoscopy, where a short, lighted tube examines the anal canal, or a biopsy, taking a tissue sample for analysis. Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRIs, might also determine the extent of any detected abnormalities. While symptoms resembling anal cancer can stem from less serious conditions, a professional evaluation is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.