Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate highly detailed images of organs, soft tissues, bone, and internal body structures. Unlike X-rays or CT scans, MRI does not involve ionizing radiation, making it a safe option for repeated use. This technology produces cross-sectional views, similar to slices, and can also create 3D images that allow for examination from various angles. An MRI of the spinal cord is a specialized application of this imaging method, providing comprehensive visualization of the spine, the spinal cord itself, and the surrounding soft tissues.
Why a Spinal Cord MRI Is Needed
A spinal cord MRI is often recommended when individuals experience persistent or concerning symptoms that suggest an issue within the spinal column or spinal cord. Common reasons include chronic back pain, which can affect the cervical (neck), thoracic (middle back), or lumbar (lower back) regions. This imaging is particularly useful when pain is accompanied by neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs, which may indicate nerve compression.
The scan also helps investigate unexplained neurological deficits, such as changes in sensation, exaggerated reflexes, muscle spasms, or a loss of bowel or bladder control. In cases of trauma, an MRI can assess injuries to the bones, discs, ligaments, or the spinal cord itself, complementing other initial imaging like CT scans. It also aids pre-surgical planning by detailing soft tissue injuries and structural abnormalities.
What to Expect During the Scan
Preparation for a spinal cord MRI involves removing all metal objects like jewelry, hearing aids, and clothing with metal. Patients usually change into a hospital gown. In some cases, a contrast material, often gadolinium-based, may be administered intravenously to enhance the visibility of specific tissues or abnormalities. It is generally well-tolerated and less likely to cause allergic reactions than iodine-based contrast used in X-rays or CT scans.
Patients lie on a movable table that slides into a tube-shaped MRI machine. It is important to remain very still during the scan, as movement can blur the images and necessitate a repeat of the examination. The machine produces loud banging, tapping, and thumping noises as it operates, so earplugs or headphones are provided to muffle the sound. A technologist operates the scanner from an adjacent room, communicating via intercom and observing through a monitor. A spinal MRI typically lasts 30 to 90 minutes, or longer for complex examinations.
Safety is a primary consideration, and patients are screened for metal implants like pacemakers, aneurysm clips, or orthopedic pins, as these can interfere with the magnetic field or pose a safety hazard. Those with claustrophobia may be offered a mild sedative. Newer, more open MRI machines can also help alleviate anxiety.
Understanding What the Scan Reveals
A spinal cord MRI provides exceptional detail of soft tissues, making it a powerful tool for identifying many conditions affecting the spinal column and surrounding structures. It can clearly show intervertebral disc issues, such as herniated or bulging discs, where the soft inner material of a disc protrudes and may press on nearby nerves or the spinal cord. The scan also visualizes spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal canal that can compress the spinal cord or nerve roots.
Beyond disc and canal issues, an MRI detects tumors (benign or malignant) within the vertebrae, spinal cord, nerves, or surrounding soft tissues. It also reveals signs of infection in the vertebrae, discs, or spinal cord and its coverings. Inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis lesions, appear distinctly on MRI images due to tissue water content changes. The scan also assesses spinal cord injury from trauma, identifying issues like bleeding, swelling (edema), or nerve fiber damage. Congenital abnormalities or structural issues of the vertebrae or spinal cord are also well-visualized.
After the MRI: Results and Next Steps
After the MRI, images are transferred to a radiologist, a physician specializing in interpreting medical imaging. The radiologist meticulously analyzes the detailed images and then generates a comprehensive report of their findings. The typical timeframe for receiving the radiologist’s report can vary, often taking anywhere from 24 hours to two weeks in non-emergency situations. However, for urgent or emergency cases, results are typically expedited and can be available much faster.
The report is sent to the referring physician. This physician reviews the findings with the patient’s symptoms and medical history to arrive at a diagnosis. A follow-up appointment is scheduled to discuss results, explain findings, and outline next steps, such as further tests, treatment plans, or specialist referrals.