COVID-19 testing became widespread for identifying infections and managing public health. While many tests yield clear positive or negative outcomes, a result can sometimes be “inconclusive.” This means the test could not definitively determine the presence or absence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Understanding what an inconclusive result means is important for individuals navigating their health status.
Understanding Inconclusive Results
An inconclusive COVID-19 test result signifies that the laboratory or test could not provide a clear positive or negative interpretation, meaning the test was unable to definitively confirm whether the virus was detected in the sample. It is distinct from a negative result, which indicates the absence of detectable viral material. An inconclusive result also differs from an invalid test, where the test itself failed due to an error.
An inconclusive result does not rule out an infection. It suggests ambiguity in the sample or testing process, meaning a definitive conclusion could not be reached. Therefore, it should not be interpreted as a negative finding, and individuals should not assume they are free from infection. This outcome signals a need for further action.
Reasons for Inconclusive Tests
Several factors can contribute to an inconclusive COVID-19 test result, often relating to the sample itself or the testing conditions. One common reason is inadequate sample collection, such as insufficient viral material gathered during a nasal or throat swab. If the swab was not performed correctly, or if the sample quantity was too small, the laboratory may lack enough genetic material or antigens to provide a clear result. Improper storage of the specimen before it reaches the lab can also affect its integrity, leading to an inconclusive outcome.
The timing of the test relative to the infection can also influence the result. If a test is conducted very early in the course of an infection, the viral load, or the amount of virus present, might be too low to be definitively detected. Conversely, if testing occurs much later in the infection or during recovery, the viral load may have decreased to a level that makes detection challenging. Technical errors during laboratory processing can also lead to an inconclusive report.
Next Steps After an Inconclusive Test
Receiving an inconclusive COVID-19 test result requires action to protect oneself and others. The primary recommendation is to get retested to obtain a definitive result. For PCR tests, it is often advised to wait at least 24 to 48 hours before retesting to allow viral levels to change, potentially yielding a clearer result. For rapid antigen tests, it is generally recommended to retest as soon as possible.
While awaiting retesting, it is important to treat an inconclusive result as a presumptive positive. This means following isolation or quarantine guidelines as recommended by local public health authorities, especially if symptoms are present or there has been known exposure to someone with COVID-19. Individuals should also vigilantly monitor for any developing or worsening symptoms of COVID-19, such as fever, cough, or difficulty breathing. If symptoms worsen or become severe, contacting a healthcare provider for guidance and medical attention is advisable.