An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or necropsy, is a specialized medical procedure conducted to thoroughly examine a deceased body and its internal structures. It serves to ascertain the cause, manner, and mechanism of death, or to assess the progression of a disease within the body. This detailed investigation offers considerable insights into the complexities of human anatomy and the effects of various conditions.
Initial Assessment and External Examination
The autopsy begins in a dedicated suite, typically a well-lit room equipped with an autopsy table, which is designed with a sloped surface and drainage to facilitate the procedure. Upon arrival, the body is identified and its general condition is noted. Any clothing present is carefully documented and removed, with attention paid to its position, as this can provide valuable information.
The external examination involves a systematic observation of the entire body before any incisions are made. Pathologists look for distinguishing features such as tattoos, scars, birthmarks, and any pre-existing medical devices like pacemakers or surgical implants. The body is also meticulously inspected for signs of trauma, injuries, or disease, including discolorations, bruising, or skin abnormalities.
Photographs are taken from various angles to create a comprehensive visual record of the body’s initial state and any external findings. Basic measurements, including height and weight, are also recorded. During this phase, efforts are made to collect any trace evidence, such as fibers, residue, or foreign objects, from the body’s surface, often using specialized tools or even ultraviolet light to detect otherwise invisible materials.
The Internal Examination
The internal examination typically commences with a major incision to access the body cavities. The most common approach is the Y-incision, where cuts extend from each shoulder, meet at the breastbone, and continue down to the pubic bone, curving around the breasts in females. Another less common method is the T-incision. This initial cut extends through the skin, fat, and muscle layers, exposing the underlying ribcage and abdominal musculature.
After the initial incision, the skin and soft tissues are carefully peeled back to reveal the ribcage and abdominal wall. The chest cavity is then opened by cutting through the ribs and lifting the breastplate, which allows the pathologist to view the heart and lungs in their natural positions. The abdominal cavity is also opened to expose organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys.
The internal organs are then systematically removed. Each organ, such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, is weighed and examined externally for any abnormalities in size, color, or texture. Subsequently, each organ is sectioned to reveal its internal structures, allowing for the detection of diseases, injuries, or other anomalies.
The brain is usually examined by making an incision across the scalp, from behind one ear to the other, and then carefully removing the skull cap using an electric saw. This exposes the brain, which is then removed and often placed in a preserving solution like formalin for several days to firm it up before it is sectioned and examined for any signs of hemorrhage, disease, or injury. Throughout this detailed process, tools such as scalpels, forceps, and specialized saws are used, and major blood vessels and bone structures are also carefully inspected.
Sample Collection and Reconstruction
Once the comprehensive internal examination is complete, various samples are collected for further laboratory analysis. Small tissue blocks, typically about 1-2 centimeters in size, are taken from different organs and preserved in formalin for microscopic examination, known as histopathological analysis. Fluid samples, including blood, urine, and vitreous humor (fluid from the eye), are collected for toxicology screens, microbiology cultures, or other specialized tests to detect the presence of drugs, alcohol, or infectious agents.
After sample collection, the organs are typically returned to the body cavity. The incisions, including the Y-incision on the torso and the scalp incision, are carefully sutured closed to restore the body’s integrity.
The body is then cleaned and prepared for release to the funeral home. The careful suturing and cleaning ensure that the body is presentable for viewing by family members, maintaining a respectful appearance. Detailed documentation, including written reports, diagrams, and photographs, accompanies the physical examination, providing a complete record of the findings and procedures.