The warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) is a distinct species of wild pig native to the open grasslands, savannas, and woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa. Its appearance is characterized by a unique combination of a large head, formidable tusks, and fleshy facial growths that make it instantly recognizable.
General Body Profile and Size
The warthog possesses a medium-sized, stocky build with a somewhat barrel-shaped body, contrasting sharply with its proportionally large head. Adult common warthogs generally measure between 0.9 and 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet) in head-and-body length. They stand relatively low to the ground, with a shoulder height ranging from about 63.5 to 85 centimeters (25 to 33.5 inches).
There is a noticeable difference in size between the sexes. Males, or boars, are significantly heavier than females, or sows, with boars weighing between 60 and 150 kilograms (130 to 330 pounds). Sows are lighter, typically weighing from 45 to 75 kilograms (99 to 165 pounds). The warthog’s legs are relatively short, which contributes to its low-slung, sturdy silhouette as it moves across the savanna.
Signature Facial Features (Tusks and Warts)
The warthog’s face is its most striking feature, dominated by two pairs of upward-curving tusks. These tusks are actually continuously growing canine teeth, with the upper pair being the largest and most prominent, sometimes reaching lengths up to 25.5 centimeters (10 inches). These upper tusks emerge from the sides of the snout and curve backward in a semi-circle, serving primarily as defensive and display weapons.
The lower tusks are shorter but become razor-sharp because they continuously rub against the upper pair as the animal opens and closes its mouth. This friction hones them into a cutting edge, which can inflict serious wounds when used in combat or defense. The name “warthog” comes from the fleshy protrusions, or dermal shields, on its face, which are made of thick skin and cartilage. These shields are much more pronounced in males, where they function to protect the eyes and face from the sharp lower tusks of rivals during sparring matches.
The head also features a long, stiff mane of hair that runs from the neck down the spine to the middle of the back. This mane is often raised when the animal is excited or alarmed, providing a visual display. Males often have three sets of these facial growths, while females typically have fewer, further distinguishing the sexes.
Coat, Color, and Unique Postures
The warthog’s body is covered in a sparse, bristly coat of hair, giving its dark skin a generally bare appearance from a distance. The color of the skin and hair is usually a dull gray or muddy brown, often obscured by the soil and mud the animal wallows in to regulate its body temperature. The long mane of hair on the neck and back, along with the tuft of coarse hair at the end of the tail, provides contrast to the otherwise sparsely covered body.
The warthog’s posture when running at speed is distinctive. When startled or fleeing, the animal holds its long, thin tail straight up in the air, with the terminal tuft of hair waving like a small flag. This posture is sometimes referred to as the “radio antenna” and serves as a visual signal to other warthogs in the group.
The warthog also exhibits a unique feeding posture due to its relatively short neck and long legs. When grazing on short grasses or foraging for roots, it kneels down on its front knees, which have developed calloused pads for protection. This kneeling position is a unique identifier.