A ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a medical device that manages conditions with an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. This excess fluid, known as hydrocephalus, can pressure the brain, leading to various neurological symptoms. A VP shunt diverts this surplus CSF from the brain to another body part for absorption.
Key Components of a VP Shunt
A VP shunt system consists of three main components: a proximal catheter, a valve, and a distal catheter. The proximal catheter is a thin, flexible tube, made of silicone, with small holes at its tip. This catheter is placed within a ventricle of the brain.
The valve, a small, disc-like or rectangular device, connects the proximal and distal catheters. It regulates CSF flow, preventing both over-drainage and under-drainage. The distal catheter is another thin, flexible tube, longer than the proximal catheter, extending from the valve. All components are made from biocompatible materials and remain entirely within the body.
Where a VP Shunt is Placed
The VP shunt system is positioned entirely beneath the skin. The proximal catheter is inserted into a brain ventricle through a small skull opening, behind the ear or on the top of the head. The valve is placed under the scalp, behind the ear or on the temple.
From the valve, the distal catheter is threaded under the skin, down the side of the head and neck. It continues down the chest and into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. In the abdomen, excess CSF is absorbed by the body’s natural processes.
What You Can See and Feel
While a VP shunt is an internal device, its presence may be noticeable. Small surgical scars are present at incision sites. These may include a small scar on the scalp or behind the ear, another along the neck or collarbone area, and an incision scar on the abdomen. Scar appearance varies based on individual healing.
The valve, situated behind the ear or on the top of the head, can be felt as a small, firm bump directly beneath the skin. Its prominence can differ among individuals, with some finding it more easily palpable than others. The shunt tubing can also be felt as a thin, soft cord under the skin along the neck or chest. This is more likely in individuals with less subcutaneous tissue. The shunt is not visible, and its presence remains discreet.
Daily Life with a VP Shunt
A VP shunt does not lead to obvious external signs. The shunt components are placed subcutaneously, meaning they are entirely under the skin. Hair can cover scars on the scalp or the valve, minimizing their visibility.
Similarly, regular clothing effectively conceals the tubing down the neck and torso. The design of the shunt allows individuals to participate in most daily activities and sports once recovered, as its appearance does not typically restrict movement. While some individuals may experience self-consciousness regarding the shunt, its presence is rarely apparent to others.