A ventral hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weakened area in the abdominal wall muscles. This creates a noticeable bulge on the abdomen, which can appear in various locations across the front of the belly.
Key Visual Indicators
The most common sign of a ventral hernia is a visible bulge or lump on the abdominal surface. This protrusion can appear anywhere on the front of the abdomen, often along the midline or at a previous surgical incision site. The bulge size varies, from a small lump to a prominent one.
The bulge’s appearance often changes with activity. It becomes more noticeable with increased abdominal pressure, such as during coughing, sneezing, straining, standing, or lifting heavy objects. Conversely, it may disappear or become less apparent when lying down or when gently pushed back into the abdomen. The bulge is usually soft to the touch and often reducible, meaning it can be gently pushed back inside the abdominal cavity.
How Appearance Can Vary
A ventral hernia’s appearance varies based on its size and location. The bulge can range from a small, almost imperceptible lump to a very large protrusion that significantly alters the abdominal contour. Its consistency can also vary, feeling soft, firm, or tender, depending on the type of tissue protruding.
Different ventral hernia types are named by location and have distinct visual characteristics. An umbilical hernia appears at or near the belly button. Incisional hernias appear at a previous abdominal surgical scar. Epigastric hernias are in the upper central abdomen, between the breastbone and navel.
The skin over the hernia site may show changes. This includes stretching or thinning from the bulge’s pressure. Discoloration, such as redness, can indicate inflammation.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Immediate medical evaluation is warranted for certain visual changes or symptoms. A sudden increase in bulge size, especially if it becomes firm and irreducible, is a warning sign. Skin discoloration (red, purple, or dark) also indicates a potential complication. A hot sensation at the site suggests an underlying issue.
These visual signs, combined with other symptoms, may indicate a serious medical emergency. Severe, sharp, or rapidly worsening pain at the hernia site is concerning. Nausea, vomiting, fever, or inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement suggest incarceration or strangulation. Incarceration means tissue is trapped; strangulation means the blood supply to the trapped tissue is cut off, which can lead to tissue death and requires urgent intervention.