When a medical test result refers to “Trichomonas amplified RNA,” it indicates a specific and highly accurate method used to detect a common infection. This article explains what this result signifies, covering the infection, its identification, symptoms, and management.
Understanding Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis, often called “trich,” is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the microscopic parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. This protozoan is considered the most common curable STI, affecting millions globally each year.
In the United States, millions of infections occur annually. While it affects both men and women, it is more common in women. For example, prevalence among females is around 2.1% compared to 0.5% among males.
Interpreting the Amplified RNA Test Result
The phrase “amplified RNA” refers to a Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT). This sophisticated diagnostic technique detects the genetic material, specifically ribosomal RNA (rRNA), of the Trichomonas vaginalis parasite. NAATs are highly sensitive and specific, making them superior to older methods like wet mount microscopy or culture.
A positive amplified RNA test result for Trichomonas means the parasite’s genetic material was detected, confirming an active Trichomonas vaginalis infection. The high accuracy of NAATs, with sensitivities and specificities often above 95%, means a positive result is a strong indicator of infection. This advanced testing allows for reliable diagnosis, even when the parasite is present in low numbers or symptoms are absent.
Symptoms and Transmission
Trichomoniasis symptoms vary widely, with about 70% of infected individuals experiencing no noticeable signs. When symptoms do occur, they can range from mild irritation to severe inflammation and may appear 5 to 28 days after infection, or sometimes much later.
Symptoms in Women
Common symptoms in women include:
Thin or frothy vaginal discharge (clear, white, yellow, or green), often with a foul, fishy odor.
Genital burning, soreness, or itching.
Changes in skin color.
Discomfort or pain during urination or sexual intercourse.
Symptoms in Men
Men are often asymptomatic but may experience:
Itching or irritation inside the penis.
Burning after urination or ejaculation.
Clear or pus-like discharge from the penis.
The parasite primarily infects the lower genital tract in women (vulva, vagina, cervix, urethra) and the urethra in men.
Transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis occurs through sexual contact, typically during vaginal-penile or vaginal-vaginal intercourse. It is not common for the parasite to infect other body parts like the hands, mouth, or anus.
Treatment and Management
Upon receiving a positive amplified RNA test result for Trichomonas, prompt treatment is recommended. Standard treatment involves oral antibiotics, typically metronidazole or tinidazole. These medications are highly effective. Metronidazole is often prescribed as a single 2-gram dose or as a 500 mg dose taken twice daily for seven days. Tinidazole is also available as a single 2-gram oral dose and can be an alternative.
It is important to complete the full course of medication as prescribed, even if symptoms improve. Individuals should avoid alcohol during treatment and for at least 24 hours after finishing metronidazole, or 72 hours after tinidazole, due to potential adverse reactions.
To prevent re-infection and further spread, all sexual partners should be treated simultaneously, even if they do not have symptoms. Expedited partner therapy (EPT), where medication is provided for partners without a separate visit, can be an option where legally permissible. Abstinence from sexual intercourse is advised until both the infected individual and their partner(s) have completed treatment and any symptoms have resolved, typically around 7 to 10 days. Follow-up testing is recommended for sexually active women approximately three months after initial treatment, regardless of whether their partners were treated, due to the high rate of re-infection.