Subterranean termites are a significant concern for homeowners due to their capacity to cause extensive structural damage. Accurate identification is a crucial first step in managing an infestation. This article details the visual characteristics of subterranean termites, aiding in their identification and differentiation from other insects, and understanding their colony castes.
General Appearance
Subterranean termites are soft-bodied with a broad waist, meaning there is no distinct constriction between their thorax and abdomen. They are typically small, ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 inches (6 to 12 mm) in length. Their coloration is often pale, creamy white, or light brownish, and their bodies can appear translucent.
Their antennae are a distinguishing feature, being straight and beaded. Their wings, when present, are another key identifier. Termites possess two pairs of wings that are equal in size and length, often extending beyond their body. They feature a network of small veins and are typically shed easily after swarming, often found near windows or doors.
How Castes Differ
Within a subterranean termite colony, individuals are organized into distinct castes, each with a unique appearance reflecting their specialized roles. Workers are the most numerous members, small (typically 0.25 inches or 6 mm long), with soft, creamy-white bodies. They are blind, lack wings, and are responsible for foraging for food, constructing tunnels, and tending to the other castes.
Soldiers defend the colony against predators, particularly ants. They are recognized by their larger, often yellowish-brown heads, which can be rectangular or oval-shaped. Many possess prominent, strong mandibles (pincers) for defense. Some species, called nasute soldiers, have a distinctive snout-like projection that sprays defensive fluid.
Reproductives, also known as alates or swarmers, are the termites most commonly seen by homeowners. They are darker (black to dark brown) and have well-developed compound eyes. They have two pairs of equally sized wings, which are typically longer than their bodies. Kings and queens are the primary reproductives, usually larger than other castes, though often hidden deep within the nest.
Termites Versus Ants
Homeowners frequently confuse subterranean termites with ants, especially winged ants, due to their similar size and the presence of wings. However, several clear visual differences distinguish them. Body shape is a reliable indicator. Termites have a broad waist, giving their body a more uniform, cylindrical appearance, whereas ants possess a distinctively constricted, pinched waist between their thorax and abdomen.
Another key difference is their antennae. Termites have straight antennae that appear beaded, while ants have elbowed antennae, which bend sharply at a distinct angle. Wings also offer a clear distinction: termites have two pairs of equally sized wings, often shed easily after a reproductive flight. In contrast, winged ants have two pairs of wings where the front pair is noticeably longer than the hind pair, and their wings are not typically shed as readily. While both insects can vary in color, subterranean termite workers are frequently pale or translucent, unlike the generally darker coloration of most ant species.