A retinal tear occurs when the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, known as the retina, develops a break. This thin layer converts light into electrical signals, enabling vision. A tear in this delicate tissue is a serious medical event that can potentially lead to a retinal detachment, a condition where the retina separates from its underlying supportive layers. Prompt attention is needed to prevent more severe vision impairment.
The Primary Visual Sensations
One of the most common sensations experienced with a retinal tear is flashes of light, known as photopsia. These flashes can appear as sudden streaks of lightning or small sparks, often noticed in the peripheral vision. Unlike migraine auras, these flashes are brief, repeated, and occur in one eye. They result from the gel-like substance filling the eye, called the vitreous, tugging on the retina.
Along with flashes, individuals often report a sudden increase in floaters. These are small specks, dots, lines, or cobwebs that drift across the field of vision. Floaters are tiny clumps of cells or gel within the vitreous that cast shadows on the retina. A sudden increase in these floaters indicates that the vitreous gel may be pulling away from the retina, a process known as posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). If this pulling is strong enough, it can cause the retina to tear.
Other Visual Changes
Beyond flashes and floaters, a retinal tear can lead to other visual disturbances. A person might experience a “curtain” or “veil” appearing over part of their vision. This shadow typically begins in the peripheral vision and can gradually expand, obscuring more of the visual field. This symptom often signals a progressing retinal detachment, where fluid seeps through the tear and lifts the retina away from its normal position.
Blurred vision is another change that can occur with a retinal tear or as it advances to a detachment. The clarity of vision may decrease. A decrease in peripheral vision can also be noticed. These changes in vision indicate that the retina is not functioning properly.
When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention
Anyone experiencing symptoms suggestive of a retinal tear, such as new flashes of light or a sudden increase in floaters, should seek immediate medical attention. This also includes the appearance of a shadow or curtain over vision, or any sudden blurring or loss of peripheral vision. Prompt evaluation by an ophthalmologist is advised.
Ideally, this examination should occur within 24 hours of symptom onset. Treating a retinal tear quickly is important because an untreated tear can rapidly progress to a retinal detachment. If a retinal detachment is left unaddressed, it can lead to permanent vision loss in the affected eye. Early diagnosis and timely intervention can improve the chances of preserving vision.