A red spot on the white part of the eye can be surprising. While often harmless, this visible redness can cause concern. Understanding the types of red spots and their causes helps determine when medical attention is needed.
Understanding Different Red Spots
A common type of red spot is a subconjunctival hemorrhage, which results from a broken blood vessel just beneath the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye. This appears as a bright red, flat patch with distinct borders, similar to a bruise on the skin. Although its appearance can be alarming, a subconjunctival hemorrhage causes no pain or vision changes and resolves on its own within two weeks, sometimes turning yellowish as it heals.
Other red spots stem from different conditions. Pingueculae are yellowish, slightly raised growths on the conjunctiva, often on the side of the eye closer to the nose. These growths can become inflamed and appear red, especially with irritation.
Pterygia are fleshy, wedge-shaped growths that begin on the conjunctiva and can extend onto the cornea. Pterygia may also have noticeable blood vessels and can cause redness, particularly if they are irritated or growing.
Less common, but more serious, conditions include episcleritis and scleritis. Episcleritis involves inflammation of the episclera, the tissue layer between the conjunctiva and the sclera (white part of the eye). It usually presents as localized redness and mild discomfort, often resolving within 7 to 10 days.
Scleritis, in contrast, is an inflammation of the sclera itself, often causing severe pain, tenderness, and a deep red or purplish hue to the eye. Scleritis can be associated with systemic diseases and may lead to vision loss, making it a more serious condition.
Common Reasons for Red Spots
Red spots, particularly subconjunctival hemorrhages, often arise from physical strain that temporarily increases pressure in the tiny blood vessels of the eye. Activities such as forceful coughing, sneezing, vomiting, or heavy lifting can cause these delicate vessels to rupture. Straining during bowel movements or childbirth can also lead to this type of bleeding.
Minor trauma or irritation to the eye can also be a cause. This includes rubbing the eye too vigorously, direct impact to the eye, or even the process of inserting or removing contact lenses. Sometimes, a subconjunctival hemorrhage can occur without any identifiable reason.
Certain medications can increase the likelihood of developing red spots. Blood thinners, such as warfarin or aspirin, can make individuals more prone to bleeding and bruising, including in the eye. Underlying health conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes can be risk factors for subconjunctival hemorrhages, especially in older adults. A red spot is rarely the sole symptom of these systemic diseases. Environmental irritants like wind, dust, or allergens can also cause generalized eye redness that might be perceived as a spot, particularly with conditions like pinguecula or pterygium.
Signs That Require Medical Attention
Certain accompanying symptoms indicate a need for prompt medical evaluation. Pain, especially if severe, throbbing, or persistent, requires immediate attention. Changes in vision, such as blurriness, double vision, or decreased sight, are significant signs. Light sensitivity, also known as photophobia, can signal a more significant issue.
Other concerning symptoms include eye discharge, headache, or nausea alongside the red spot. Physical characteristics of the spot can also be indicators. Redness that spreads or worsens, or a subconjunctival hemorrhage that does not begin to clear within one to two weeks, should be assessed by a healthcare provider. Changes in pupil size or shape are also warning signs.
A history of eye trauma, recent eye surgery, or systemic diseases like bleeding disorders or uncontrolled high blood pressure, means any new red spot should be reviewed by a doctor. Frequent or unexplained recurrences of red spots also suggest an underlying condition needing investigation.
Care for Red Eye Spots
For a subconjunctival hemorrhage, observation is often the primary approach. These spots generally resolve on their own as the blood is reabsorbed by the eye, much like a bruise fading on the skin.
Individuals should avoid rubbing the affected eye, as this can worsen the condition or introduce further irritation. Avoid using over-the-counter redness-reducing eye drops, as these are not designed for blood spots and may not be helpful. If the eye feels scratchy or irritated, artificial tears can provide comfort. Cool compresses may also offer relief for minor swelling or irritation.
If any warning signs appear, or if there is persistent concern, seek professional medical advice. A healthcare provider can accurately diagnose the cause and recommend appropriate treatment if necessary.