When a “murder hornet” stings, the visual appearance and subsequent bodily responses differ significantly from those of more common stinging insects. Its size and potent venom cause a distinct reaction.
The Murder Hornet Explained
The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) is notable for its size, with queens reaching up to 5 cm in length and workers around 3.5 cm. This hornet features a broad, light orange head with dark eyes, brown antennae, and a dark middle section (thorax). Its abdomen displays alternating bands of orange or yellow and black or brown. Native to East Asia, these hornets possess a long stinger, approximately 6 mm, which allows them to inject potent venom. This venom contains cytotoxins and neurotoxins, including mandaratoxin, which can cause tissue damage and intense pain.
Immediate Visuals of the Sting
Immediately after a sting, the affected site shows distinct visual characteristics. Initial observations often include immediate redness and a raised, inflamed area around the sting site.
The area around the sting can quickly become a prominent welt, larger than that seen with typical bee or wasp stings. Some individuals have described the immediate sensation as a searing, burning pain, which can be accompanied by an initial wave of dizziness. The affected area can begin to swell considerably.
Beyond the Sting Site: Body’s Response
The pain from an Asian giant hornet sting is often described as exceptionally intense, likened by some to a hot nail or a red-hot poker being driven into the skin. This searing sensation can persist for several hours, with some individuals reporting significant pain for up to 36 hours. The swelling associated with the sting can extend well beyond the immediate puncture site, sometimes causing an entire limb to become visibly inflamed and stiff. This extensive swelling can make movement difficult and contribute to prolonged discomfort.
Beyond localized reactions, systemic responses can occur, particularly with multiple stings or in individuals with allergies. Symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness, and difficulty breathing may manifest. In severe cases, an allergic reaction can lead to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread hives, swelling of the face or throat, and a drop in blood pressure. The venom’s neurotoxic and cytotoxic components can also cause tissue damage and, in extreme instances, affect the nervous system.
What to Do After a Sting
Should an Asian giant hornet sting occur, prompt action can help manage the reaction. Immediately wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water to cleanse the wound. Applying a cold compress or ice pack to the sting site can help reduce swelling and dull the pain by slowing the spread of venom. Elevating the stung limb, if possible, also assists in minimizing swelling. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, can help manage discomfort, and antihistamines or topical creams may reduce itching and localized swelling.
It is important to seek immediate medical attention if signs of a severe allergic reaction develop. These signs include lightheadedness, dizziness, trouble breathing or shortness of breath, swelling of the face or mouth, throat tightness, or difficulty swallowing. Individuals who experience multiple stings, particularly ten or more, should also seek medical evaluation due to the increased venom load. If an individual has a known bee or wasp allergy, they should follow their prescribed emergency protocol, which often includes using an epinephrine auto-injector if available.