Moles are well-known for their extensive networks of tunnels, which serve various purposes like foraging and shelter. Within these underground systems, moles construct specialized areas known as nests. These nests are distinct from typical foraging tunnels, providing a dedicated space for specific activities.
Visible Indicators of a Mole Nest
The most apparent sign of a mole nest from the surface is a prominent molehill, which differs from the smaller, more numerous mounds associated with feeding tunnels. A nest molehill is typically larger and more dome-like or conical, sometimes reaching up to 2 feet in diameter and 9 inches high. These larger mounds result from the significant amount of soil displaced during the construction of deeper, more permanent chambers.
Nest molehills are frequently found in sheltered or undisturbed areas, such as under tree roots or near foundations, where the soil is drier and more stable. The soil pushed up to form these hills tends to be loose and crumbly, indicating fresh excavation. While regular surface tunnels appear as raised ridges, a nest molehill stands out as a substantial, centralized mound, indicating a mole’s main living quarters.
Underground Design and Placement
Beneath these larger surface mounds lies the mole’s nest chamber within the tunnel system. The nest chamber itself is typically spherical or oval, often described as the size of a quart jar or a football. Moles construct these chambers using natural materials such as dried grass, leaves, roots, and moss, creating a soft, insulated lining.
The nest is usually situated deeper underground than the shallower foraging tunnels, often ranging from 8 to 23 inches below the surface, though some deeper tunnels can extend several feet down, especially in loose soil. This deeper placement provides stability and protection. The nest chamber connects to a network of main passageways, which can be extensive, sometimes over 100 meters long, and include deeper escape routes or shallower feeding tunnels.
Why Moles Build Nests
Moles build nests as a central, protected hub for their lives. A primary reason for nest construction is reproduction; females use these insulated chambers to give birth and raise their young. A typical litter consists of 2 to 7 young, born after a gestation period of approximately 30 to 42 days.
The nest provides a safe, warm, and dry environment that is essential for the survival of the hairless and blind pups. Beyond breeding, the nest also functions as a central resting point and a retreat during unfavorable conditions, such as cold weather, when moles may dig deeper to avoid frost. The chamber offers insulation and protection from predators, contributing to the mole’s overall survival strategy.