Millipedes are arthropods often found in gardens and other damp environments, typically mistaken for centipedes due to their segmented bodies. Unlike centipedes, which possess fangs and can bite, millipedes do not bite or sting. Instead, when threatened, they employ a chemical defense strategy, releasing irritating fluids from glands along their bodies. This chemical release deters predators.
Millipede’s Defensive Secretions
Millipedes possess specialized glands, known as ozadenes, situated along their body segments, which produce and store defensive secretions. When disturbed, these fluids are expelled from pores on their sides, deterring predators by making the millipede unpalatable or irritating.
The chemical composition of these defensive fluids varies by millipede species, but commonly includes compounds such as quinones, phenols, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrochloric acid. These chemicals can act as topical irritants. For instance, benzoquinones are frequently responsible for skin discoloration and can be irritating to the eyes. Some larger millipede species can even spray these toxins a considerable distance.
Identifying Skin Reactions
Contact with millipede defensive secretions can lead to a range of skin reactions, primarily affecting exposed areas. A noticeable effect is skin discoloration, appearing as a temporary yellow, orange, or reddish-brown stain. In some cases, the discoloration might be darker, presenting as dark red, blue, or even black, and can persist for several weeks or even months. The intensity of this staining often correlates with the duration of contact.
Beyond discoloration, individuals may experience irritation at the contact site. This irritation often manifests as redness, itching, a burning sensation, or mild pain. More severe reactions, especially with prolonged contact or in sensitive individuals, can include the formation of small blisters or skin peeling, similar to a chemical burn. The irritation and associated symptoms generally resolve within hours to a few days, though discoloration can linger longer.
First Aid and Medical Attention
Should skin contact occur with millipede secretions, immediately wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water to remove residual chemicals. Avoid touching eyes or mouth after contact to prevent transferring irritating substances to sensitive mucous membranes. Applying a cool compress can help alleviate pain and swelling. Over-the-counter topical anti-itch creams, such as hydrocortisone, or oral antihistamines may be used to manage discomfort like itching and redness.
Seek medical attention if the reaction is severe, such as large blisters or intense pain. Consult a doctor if secretions contact sensitive areas like the eyes, as this can lead to issues like conjunctivitis or keratitis. Signs of infection, including increased redness, swelling, or pus, or if symptoms worsen or do not improve after a few days, warrant professional evaluation. In rare instances, individuals may experience allergic reactions, which could present as facial swelling, difficulty breathing, or a widespread rash, necessitating immediate medical care.