A larch tree (Larix) is unique among conifers because it is deciduous, shedding its needles annually in autumn. Unlike most evergreen conifers, this characteristic makes larches identifiable, as their appearance shifts dramatically with the seasons.
The Deciduous Needles
The needles of a larch tree are a key identifying feature. These soft, flexible needles typically measure 2 to 5 centimeters (0.75 to 2 inches) long. They are light green in spring and summer, and soft to the touch, unlike many other conifers. Larch needles grow in dense clusters of 15 to 40 needles from short, woody spur shoots on the twigs. On new growth, some needles may appear singly along longer shoots.
Bark and Branch Structure
The bark of a larch tree varies with age. Young trees typically have smoother, grayish-brown or reddish-brown bark. As the tree matures, its bark becomes thicker, developing prominent vertical fissures or scaly plates, often appearing pinkish-brown or reddish-brown.
Larch trees generally exhibit a conical or pyramidal shape when young, with branches spreading horizontally. As they age, the crown may broaden and become more open or irregular. Some species, like the European larch, can develop pendulous branches. Mature trees can reach heights of 20 to 60 meters (65 to 195 feet), with western larch species growing tallest.
Cones and Seeds
Larch cones are a distinguishing feature, noted for their size and persistence on the tree. These small, woody cones are typically oval to oblong, ranging from 1 to 4 centimeters (0.5 to 1.5 inches) in length. When young, female cones can be purplish, pinkish-purple, or reddish, maturing to brown.
Larch cones often remain attached to the branches for several years after releasing their winged seeds. It is common to see both current-year and older cones on the same tree, even in winter after the needles have dropped. The winged seeds are dispersed by wind, typically in autumn and throughout winter.
Seasonal Transformations
The most remarkable aspect of a larch tree’s appearance is its dramatic seasonal transformation. In spring, larches are among the first trees to develop new foliage, with soft, needle-like leaves emerging in a fresh, bright green. This vibrant green persists through the summer, making the tree appear similar to other conifers.
As autumn approaches, the larch undergoes a spectacular color change. Its needles turn a golden-yellow or orange, creating a vivid display before they are shed. By winter, the larch stands bare, a stark silhouette against the landscape, revealing its branch structure and the small, persistent cones.