Intoxication, commonly referred to as being “high,” involves physiological and behavioral changes caused by substances that alter central nervous system function. These indicators are not universal, as the specific substance, the dosage, and the individual’s metabolism all influence the presentation of effects. Depressants, like alcohol or opioids, slow down bodily functions, while stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, accelerate them, leading to distinct and often contrasting markers. Recognizing these signs involves observing a combination of physical appearance, communication mechanics, and shifts in emotional and behavioral patterns.
Physical and Physiological Markers
The eyes frequently offer immediate and visible signs of intoxication because the central nervous system controls pupil size and eye movement. Stimulant use often causes mydriasis (pupil dilation) as the drugs trigger the sympathetic nervous system response. Conversely, depressants like opioids cause miosis (constriction), resulting in “pinpoint” pupils. Many substances can also induce nystagmus, which is a rapid, involuntary, and jerky movement of the eyes, particularly noticeable when tracking objects.
The color and appearance of the eyes can also change; alcohol and marijuana use commonly lead to conjunctival redness, or “bloodshot eyes,” due to blood vessel expansion. Motor function and coordination are significantly impacted, as substances interfere with the cerebellum’s ability to regulate movement. This effect manifests as impaired balance, stumbling, or swaying. Stimulants may cause tremors or restlessness, while depressants result in a general lack of coordination and a slowed reaction time.
Observable changes in the skin and face provide further physical evidence. Stimulant use is often accompanied by profuse sweating and flushed skin due to increased heart rate and body temperature. Stimulants can also lead to a noticeable dry mouth, which an observer might see as frequent lip-smacking. In contrast, heavy use of depressants may cause a droopy or lethargic appearance, with signs like ptosis (drooping eyelids) becoming apparent.
Changes in Speech and Communication
The mechanics of verbal output often change dramatically when a person is intoxicated, reflecting the substance’s effect on the brain’s motor control centers. Slurred speech, which is indistinct pronunciation, is a classic sign of depressant intoxication, such as with alcohol or sedatives. This occurs because the substance slows down the motor control necessary to articulate words. The resulting speech pattern can feature long pauses or sound thick and unclear.
The rate of speech is another significant indicator. Stimulants, like methamphetamine, can cause talkativeness and “pressured speech,” where the person speaks excessively fast and is hard to interrupt. Conversely, depressants often cause speech to be extremely slow, drawn-out, or mumbled.
Beyond clarity and rate, the ability to sustain a coherent conversation can be noticeably impaired. Individuals may struggle to form simple sentences or construct thoughts, a difficulty compounded by confusion. This can lead to incomplete or repetitive verbal responses. Sudden shifts in volume, such as speaking loudly or whispering, or the use of a monotone delivery, further indicate an altered state of communication control.
Altered Mood and Behavioral States
Intoxication fundamentally alters emotional and behavioral states, often presenting as a stark contrast to the person’s typical demeanor. Mood shifts can be extreme and rapid, sometimes including inappropriate emotional responses like sudden crying or exaggerated laughter. Acute intoxication from substances like alcohol or opioids can be associated with euphoria. However, this can quickly transition into irritability, aggressive behavior, or a lack of impulse control.
The person’s overall activity level provides another clear behavioral marker. Depressants induce lethargy, drowsiness, and a lack of motivation, making the individual appear tired or stuporous. In direct opposition, stimulants cause hyper-excitability, restlessness, and excessive agitation. This hyperactivity often manifests as an inability to sit still, fidgeting, or a constant state of elevated energy.
Cognitive function and awareness are also noticeably affected, leading to visible signs of confusion or detachment. A person may appear dazed or disconnected from the environment, exhibiting a lack of concentration and poor judgment. A concerning behavioral change is the sudden onset of paranoia or hyper-vigilance, where the individual may appear fearful or suspicious without external cause. This state of altered perception can lead to unpredictable behavior, including impulsive, risk-taking decisions.