Foxes rely on underground shelters, known as dens or earths, for raising young, storing food, and finding refuge from harsh weather or predators. Understanding the characteristics of a fox den offers insight into the lives of these elusive animals.
External Features and Common Locations
A fox den’s entrance provides the first clue, typically appearing as an oval or rounded hole in the ground, 6 to 12 inches in diameter. Unlike other burrowing animals, the excavated dirt, or spoil heap, around a fox den often appears scattered and trampled from frequent use rather than neatly piled. Closer inspection might reveal additional signs of activity, such as compacted soil around the opening or the distinct, musky odor of fox urine, particularly during breeding season.
Visible remnants of prey, like feathers or small bones, may be scattered near the entrance, indicating recent meals brought back to the den. Fox tracks, which resemble small dog prints with a straight stride, can be found in the soft ground leading to and from the den. Foxes choose den locations that offer concealment and protection, often digging into earth banks, under dense thickets, or beneath tree roots. In urban and suburban environments, they adapt to human-made structures, utilizing spaces under sheds, decks, or porches. They also take over abandoned burrows created by other animals, such as groundhogs or badgers, modifying them to suit their needs.
Inside the Den: Structure and Function
Beyond the entrance, a fox den unfolds into a complex underground network. The main entrance typically leads to a sloped tunnel, descending into the earth at an angle of 40 to 45 degrees. This primary tunnel can vary in length, from 10-20 feet for simpler dens to 70-75 feet for elaborate systems. One or more excavated chambers are found along the main tunnel or at its end.
These chambers serve specific functions. A primary chamber, 3 to 10 feet below ground, acts as the nesting area where a vixen gives birth and raises her kits. Other chambers may function as food caches, where foxes store surplus prey. The den’s internal design provides insulation against temperature extremes, protecting young kits. While foxes do not typically sleep in dens outside the breeding season, they offer refuge from predators and adverse weather. Many dens expand over generations, creating multi-chambered systems with several entrances for escape routes and security.
Identifying a Fox Den
Distinguishing a fox den from the burrows of other wildlife requires careful observation. The entrance to a fox den is typically oval or rounded, measuring between 6 and 12 inches in diameter. This size helps differentiate it from larger coyote dens, which can be twice as wide, or smaller rabbit holes, usually 4-6 inches across. While foxes may excavate their own burrows, they frequently repurpose abandoned ones. The excavated dirt, or spoil heap, is scattered and trampled, unlike the neat, crescent-shaped mound of a groundhog burrow.
Beyond the hole itself, look for additional signs of occupancy. A distinct, musky odor around the entrance can indicate an active fox den, particularly during the breeding season. The presence of fox scat, which is often dark and may contain fur or bone fragments, or remnants of prey like feathers and small animal bones, are strong indicators. Fox tracks in the soft soil, resembling small dog prints with a compact, straight stride, further confirm the animal’s identity. Observing activity at dawn and dusk can confirm its use. It is advisable to observe from a distance to avoid disturbing the animals, especially when kits may be present.