A dental deep cleaning, medically known as scaling and root planing, is a specialized procedure designed to treat gum disease. Unlike a routine dental cleaning that focuses on the visible surfaces of teeth, a deep cleaning targets the areas beneath the gumline. This treatment becomes necessary when plaque and tartar accumulate, leading to inflammation and infection. Its aim is to restore gum health and prevent periodontal disease progression.
Reasons for a Deep Cleaning
A deep cleaning is recommended when signs of periodontal disease are present. This condition begins with gingivitis, where plaque buildup irritates the gums, causing them to become red, swollen, and prone to bleeding. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, which involves the breakdown of the bone and tissues supporting the teeth.
In periodontitis, the chronic inflammation causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, forming spaces known as periodontal pockets. These pockets trap bacteria, plaque, and hardened calculus (tartar) that cannot be removed with regular brushing or flossing. The bacteria within these pockets release toxins that destroy the supporting structures of the teeth. A deep cleaning addresses this accumulation below the gumline, where a standard cleaning cannot reach.
The Deep Cleaning Procedure
The deep cleaning procedure is performed over one or more appointments, depending on the severity and extent of the gum disease. Before beginning, a local anesthetic is often administered to numb the specific areas of the mouth being treated. This helps to minimize discomfort during the procedure, as the cleaning extends below the gumline where tissues can be sensitive.
Scaling involves the thorough removal of plaque and calculus from the tooth surfaces, both above and, crucially, below the gumline. Dental professionals use specialized instruments, including ultrasonic devices that use high-frequency vibrations deposits and a stream of water to flush away. Manual hand scalers are also employed to meticulously scrape away any stubborn or fine deposits.
Following scaling, root planing is performed. This step focuses on smoothing the rough surfaces of the tooth roots. The root surfaces can become rough due to bacterial toxins and calculus, providing an ideal environment for bacteria to adhere. Smoothing these surfaces removes bacterial toxins and makes it more difficult for plaque to reattach. This smoother surface encourages the gum tissue to reattach more firmly to the tooth, reducing periodontal pockets and promoting healing.
Aftercare and Recovery
Following a dental deep cleaning, patients can expect temporary side effects as the gums begin to heal. Mild sensitivity to hot and cold temperatures, along with gum soreness or tenderness, is common. These sensations typically subside within a few days to a week. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, can help manage discomfort.
Maintaining meticulous oral hygiene is important during the recovery period. Patients are advised to continue brushing gently with a soft-bristled toothbrush and to use an antiseptic mouthwash as recommended. Avoiding very hot, cold, or spicy foods for a day or two can prevent irritation to the sensitive gum tissues. Adhering to these aftercare instructions supports the healing process and prevents bacterial buildup.
Deep Cleaning Versus Regular Cleaning
The difference between a deep cleaning and a regular cleaning lies in their purpose and scope. A regular cleaning, often called prophylaxis, is a preventive measure for healthy gums or mild gingivitis. It primarily removes plaque and tartar from the visible tooth surfaces and just above the gumline, aiming to prevent gum disease.
In contrast, a deep cleaning is a therapeutic procedure prescribed to treat existing periodontal disease. Due to its invasive nature and the depth of cleaning required, local anesthesia is commonly used during a deep cleaning, which is rarely needed for a routine cleaning. Consequently, deep cleanings are typically more time-consuming and may require multiple appointments, whereas regular cleanings are generally completed in a single visit.