A bruised tooth is the common term for a dental concussion, a mild form of dental trauma. This injury occurs when an external force impacts a tooth without causing it to fracture, chip, or become displaced. The force is absorbed by the delicate tissues surrounding the tooth root, primarily the periodontal ligament. This ligament acts as a shock absorber, connecting the tooth to the jawbone. When overstressed, the ligament becomes inflamed and damaged, similar to a sprained joint, resulting in localized discomfort.
Identifying the Symptoms
The most noticeable symptom of a bruised tooth is pain specifically triggered by force. This discomfort is localized to the affected tooth, often feeling tender when biting down or chewing food. The pain results from the inflamed periodontal ligament being compressed when pressure is applied. A dull, throbbing ache may also linger in the jaw area. Sensitivity to cold may occur but usually dissipates quickly, which helps distinguish it from nerve damage.
Common Causes of Dental Concussion
A dental concussion results from events that deliver sudden or excessive force to the tooth structure. The most straightforward cause is direct minor trauma, such as a light blow to the mouth during a fall or a sports mishap. Repetitive pressure, such as habitual teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), is another common trigger. Biting down unexpectedly on a very hard object, like ice or a bone, can also cause an acute sprain of the ligament. Finally, recent intensive dental procedures, including deep fillings or orthodontic adjustments, can temporarily inflame the periodontal ligament, mimicking concussion symptoms.
Immediate Management and Recovery
The immediate goal of care is to rest the injured tooth, allowing the strained periodontal ligament time to heal. This involves adopting a soft diet that requires minimal chewing force, such as mashed foods, soups, and smoothies. Avoid chewing on the affected side of the mouth to prevent further irritation. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, are recommended to reduce both pain and inflammation. Applying a cold compress to the outside of the cheek can also help minimize swelling, and most dental concussions resolve within a few days to a couple of weeks.
When Professional Care Is Necessary
While many bruised teeth heal with rest, certain signs indicate a more severe injury requiring prompt dental evaluation. The most significant concern is severe, escalating pain that is not managed by over-the-counter medication. Any visible fracture or chip warrants an immediate professional check to rule out deeper damage. A serious injury is also indicated if the tooth feels noticeably loose or has been pushed out of alignment. Swelling of the gums or face, the development of a fever, or the tooth turning a gray or dark color all suggest serious complications, such as infection or pulp death, which may necessitate a root canal.